Reducing Black Carbon Emissions from Diesel Vehicles : Impacts, Control Strategies, and Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Washington, DC
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A 2013 scientific assessment of black
carbon emissions and impacts found that black carbon is
second to carbon dioxide in terms of its climate forcing.
High concentrations of black carbon in the atmosphere can
change precipitation patterns and reduce the amount of
radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, which
affects local agriculture. Acute and chronic exposures to
particulate matter are associated with a range of diseases,
including chronic bronchitis and asthma, as well as
premature deaths from cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer,
and acute lower respiratory infections. The transportation
sector accounted for approximately 19 percent of global
black carbon emissions in the year 2000. This report aims to
inform efforts to control black carbon emissions from
diesel-based transportation in developing countries. It
presents a summary of emissions control approaches from
developed countries, while recognizing that developing
countries face a number of on-the-ground implementation
challenges. This study applies a new cost-benefit analysis
methodology to four simulated diesel black carbon emissions
control projects - diesel retrofit in Istanbul, green
freight (plus retrofit) in Sao Paulo, fuel and vehicle
standards in Jakarta, and compressed natural gas (CNG) buses
in Cebu taking into account the additional climate benefits
of black carbon reductions. While this report focuses on
quantifying just the health and climate benefits of
transport interventions, it also serves to highlight the
challenges that can be faced when undertaking more
comprehensive evaluation of transport projects. A
cost-benefit framework for economic analysis of diesel black
carbon emissions control transport projects is also
presented that factors in both climate and health benefits.
Historically, technical interventions to control diesel
black carbon emissions in developed countries have
successfully relied on fuel quality improvements and vehicle
emissions standards.
Palabras clave
ADVANCED ENGINE, AEROSOL PRECURSORS, AEROSOLS, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, AIR-FUEL MIXTURES, AMBIENT POLLUTION, AMMONIA, ASH, ATMOSPHERE, BASELINE EMISSIONS, BIOMASS, BLACK CARBON, BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS, BUS, BUS FLEET, BUS PURCHASE, BUS REPLACEMENT, BUSES, CARB, CARBON BUS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FRACTION, CARBON MASS, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON REDUCTIONS, CARBON-DIOXIDE-EQUIVALENT, CARCINOGENS, CATALYSTS, CATALYTIC CONVERTER, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, CLASSES OF VEHICLES, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN FUEL, CLEAN FUELS, CLEAN TRANSPORTATION, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLOUDS, CO, CO2, COLORS, COMBUSTION, COMBUSTION CHAMBER, COMBUSTION SOURCES, COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS, CONCENTRATIONS, CONGESTION, CONGESTION CHARGING, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CRYOSPHERE, DESULFURIZATION, DIESEL, DIESEL BUS, DIESEL BUSES, DIESEL COMBUSTION, DIESEL EMISSIONS, DIESEL ENGINES, DIESEL FUEL, DIESEL PARTICULATE, DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS, DIESEL VEHICLES, DRIVERS, DRIVING, EFFECTIVE EMISSIONS, EMISSION, EMISSION FACTOR, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION STANDARD, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSIONS CONTROL, EMISSIONS CONTROLS, EMISSIONS CUTS, EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS LIMITS, EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE, EMISSIONS POLICY, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGY, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS STANDARDS, EMISSIVITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, EXHAUST CONCENTRATIONS, EXHAUST EMISSIONS, EXHAUST GASES, FLEET EMISSIONS, FLEETS, FOOT TRAFFIC, FOSSIL FUEL, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FREIGHT, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL COSTS, FUEL ECONOMY, FUEL EFFICIENCY, FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS, FUEL INJECTION, FUEL PRICE, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SULFUR, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL SWITCHING, FUEL TAX, FUEL TAXATION, FUEL TYPE, GASES, GASOLINE, GASOLINE DIESEL, GASOLINE VEHICLES, GLACIERS, GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL, GWP, HC, HEAVY VEHICLE, HEAVY VEHICLES, HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAYS, HYDROCARBONS, IMPROVEMENTS IN VEHICLE EFFICIENCY, INJECTION SYSTEM, INSPECTION, IPCC, LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES, LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LNG, MASS EMISSIONS, METALS, METHANE, MODE SHIFT, MOTOR FUEL, MOTOR VEHICLE, MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS, MOTOR VEHICLES, MUNICIPAL VEHICLES, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL GAS BUS, NITRATES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE, NO2, NOX, ORGANIC MATERIAL, OXIDATION CATALYST, OXYGEN, OXYGEN CONTENT, OZONE, OZONE PRODUCTION, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PASSENGER VEHICLES, PETROLEUM GAS, PM10, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL, POPULATION DENSITY, PRECIPITATION, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RADIATION, RADIATIVE FORCING, RAPID TRANSIT, REDUCTIONS IN FUEL CONSUMPTION, REFINERY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS, RETROFITTING, ROAD, ROAD IMPROVEMENTS, ROAD VEHICLES, ROADS, ROUTES, SAFETY, SMOKE, SO2, SOCIAL COST OF CARBON, SOLAR RADIATION, SULFATE, SULFATE PARTICULATES, SULFATES, SULFUR, SULFUR EMISSIONS, SURFACE ALBEDO, SURFACE TRANSPORTATION, TAILPIPE EMISSION, TAILPIPE EMISSIONS, TAX, TEMPERATURE, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC FLOW, TRAINS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT PROJECTS, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY, TRANSPORTATION DEMAND, TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRAVEL DEMAND, TRUCKS, UNEP, URBAN AREAS, URBAN BUS, URBAN BUSES, VEHICLE, VEHICLE CLASSES, VEHICLE COSTS, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE ENGINE, VEHICLE EXCISE DUTY, VEHICLE EXHAUST, VEHICLE KILOMETERS, VEHICLE MANUFACTURING, VEHICLE OPERATION, VEHICLE OWNERS, VEHICLE POPULATION, VEHICLE TYPES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS