Introducing Energy-efficient Clean Technologies in the Brick Sector of Bangladesh
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World Bank
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This study's objectives are: (i) to
present the pros and cons of existing and alternative brick
technologies in Bangladesh with specific focus on pollution
and energy efficiency; (ii) to estimate the private and
social benefits of these technologies (iii) to summarize
China's experience in the development of the brick
industry, as the world leader brick producer and (iv) to
provide concrete recommendations for adopting cleaner
technologies in Bangladesh. The study focuses on the brick
cluster located in northern Dhaka, which comprises 530 Fixed
Chimney Kiln (FCKs) that produce 2.1 billion bricks annually
(14 percent of the country's brick production). As the
brick sector is a prominent contributor to air pollution in
Dhaka, it is important to distinguish its contribution to
the city's air pollution from other sources, including
transport and other industries. Because of limited data
availability, the analysis relies on the most realistic
assumptions drawn from monitored data in Bangladesh or
neighboring countries (i.e., Nepal and India). As a result,
the estimated net returns for each technology are orders of
magnitude rather than precise estimates. This report
analysis the brick sector in Bangladesh and assesses the
feasibility of cleaner alternative technologies.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ENERGY, ACID, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR FLOW, AIR LEAKAGE, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS, ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE, APPROACH, ASH, ATMOSPHERE, AVAILABILITY, BENEFIT ANALYSIS, BUILDING MATERIAL, BUILDING MATERIALS, BURNERS, BURNING COAL, CALORIFIC VALUE, CANCER, CAPITAL COST, CAPS, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSION, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON MONOXIDE, CEMENT, CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLEANER AIR, CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL ASH, COAL BURNING, COAL CONSUMPTION, COAL PARTICLES, COALS, COLORS, COMBUSTION, COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COST OF CARBON, COST-BENEFIT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COW DUNG, DEFORESTATION, DIESEL, DIESEL ENGINE, DISCOUNT RATE, DISCOUNT RATES, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DUST, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, EFFICIENCY GAINS, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, EMISSION FACTOR, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION STANDARDS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS STANDARDS, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, ENERGY INTENSIVE, ENERGY SAVINGS, ENERGY SHORTAGE, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXTERNALITIES, FEASIBILITY, FEEDSTOCK, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FLUE GAS, FLUE GASES, FLY ASH, FOREST, FOREST DEGRADATION, FORESTS, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL INJECTION, FUEL TYPE, FUEL USE, GAS AS FUEL, GAS FLOW, GAS LINES, GAS STREAM, GAS SUPPLY, GENERATION, GENERATION CAPACITY, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH HAZARD, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEAT, HEAT TRANSFER, HOT FLUE GAS, HOT GAS, HOUSEHOLD COOKING, HUMAN HEALTH, HUMIDITY, INCOME, INTERNAL COMBUSTION, IPCC, IRON, JOBS, KILOWATT HOUR, LABOR COSTS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LAND DEGRADATION, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOAD SHEDDING, LOWER PRICE, MARKET PRICES, MINERAL RESOURCES, MOISTURE CONTENT, MONETARY TERMS, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL GAS SUPPLY, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN OXIDES, NOX, NUTRIENTS, ORGANIC MATTER, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE EMISSIONS, PARTICULATE MATTER, PARTICULATE POLLUTION, PARTICULATES, PEAK DEMAND, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PILOT PROJECTS, PIPELINE, PM10, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, POLLUTANTS, POLLUTION LEVEL, POLLUTION LEVELS, POLLUTION REDUCTION, PORTFOLIO, POWER, POWER GENERATION, POWER PLANT, POWER PLANTS, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, RAINFALL, RAW MATERIAL, RAW MATERIALS, REAL ESTATE, REDUCING EMISSIONS, RETROFITTING, SAND, SCRUBBERS, SMOKE, SO2, SOCIAL COSTS, SULFUR, SULFUR CONTENT, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SUNLIGHT, SUNSHINE, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, TAX POLICIES, TEMPERATURE, TONS OF COAL EQUIVALENT, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TOXICS, URBAN AIR POLLUTION, URBAN CENTERS, WAGES, WASTE, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WIND