Considering Trade Policies for Liquid Biofuels

Kojima, Masami; Mitchell, Donald; Ward, William

Considering Trade Policies for Liquid Biofuels

Autores

Kojima, Masami

Mitchell, Donald

Ward, William

Editor

World Bank, Washington, DC

Descripción

This report addresses the issues associated with trade in liquid biofuels is a second Energy Sector Management Assistance Program report on biofuels, and part of a broader assessment of bioenergy undertaken by the World Bank. The report asks how liberalizing trade in liquid biofuels might affect biofuel production and consumption. Bioenergy is playing an increasingly important role as an alternative and renewable source of energy. Bioenergy includes solid biomass, biogas, and liquid biofuels. Combustion of biomass residues for heat and power generation is commercially viable without government support in some applications. Liquid biofuels made from biomass are attracting growing interest worldwide, driven by concerns about energy security, climate change, and local environmental considerations and a desire to support domestic agriculture. The global liquid biofuel market today utilizes so called first generation technologies and relies mainly on agricultural food or feed crops for feedstock. Second generation biofuels, still far from commercially viable, can open up many new opportunities because they can be sourced from a much wider variety of feedstock's, vastly expanding the potential for fuel production and for abating greenhouse gas emission. The timing of commercialization is uncertain, although some industry analysts indicate that the needed cost reductions may be achieved in the coming decade. Focusing primarily on ethanol and biodiesel, the report takes a time horizon of the next 5 to 10 years. It outlines the important link between agriculture and biofuels, reviews past and present government policies for agriculture and for biofuels, and considers how these policies might affect the world biofuel market. The report highlights the links between the markets for oil, biofuels, feedstock's, and the by-products of biofuel processing. It reviews existing studies, examining the likely consequences of much larger biofuel production and trade liberalization of biofuels and their feedstock's. It concludes with policy considerations.

Palabras clave

AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL CROP, AGRICULTURAL CROPS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS, ANHYDROUS ETHANOL, ANIMAL FAT, ANIMAL FATS, ANIMAL WASTES, BAGASSE, BALANCE, BARLEY, BIODIESEL, BIOENERGY, BIOFUEL, BIOFUEL INDUSTRY, BIOFUEL PRODUCTION, BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES, BIOFUEL USE, BIOGAS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS COMPONENTS, BIOMASS RESIDUES, BIOMETHANOL, CANE PRODUCTION, CANOLA, CARBOHYDRATES, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON SUGAR, CARBON SUGARS, CELLULOSE, CELLULOSIC ETHANOL, CETANE NUMBER, CHEMICAL EXTRACTION PROCESS, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, COAL, COCONUT OIL, COMBUSTION, COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS, COMPRESSION RATIO, CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM, COOKING, COOKING OIL, CORN, CORN GLUTEN, COST OF ETHANOL, COST OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION, COST OF FEEDSTOCKS, COST OF GASOLINE, COST OF SUGARCANE, CROP, CRUDE OIL, DEPENDENT ON FEEDSTOCK, DIESEL, DIESEL CONSUMPTION, DIESEL FUEL, DISTILLERIES, DISTILLERY, DOMESTIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC PRODUCTS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC WELFARE, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, EMISSION, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES, END-USER, ENERGY CONTENT OF ETHANOL, ENERGY CRISIS, ENERGY CROPS, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY SECTOR, ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EQUILIBRIUM, ETHANOL, ETHANOL CONSUMPTION, ETHANOL INDUSTRY, ETHANOL MARKET, ETHANOL MARKETS, ETHANOL PLANTS, ETHANOL PRICE, ETHANOL PRICES, ETHANOL PRODUCERS, ETHANOL PRODUCTION, ETHANOL PROGRAM, ETHANOL SHORTAGE, ETHANOL SUPPLY, ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLEND, EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS, EXCHANGE RATE, FEEDSTOCK, FEEDSTOCK COSTS, FEEDSTOCK PRICES, FEEDSTOCKS, FERMENTATION, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOREST RESIDUES, FORESTRY, FUEL DEMAND, FUEL EFFICIENCY, FUEL MARKET, FUEL PRODUCTION, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SPECIFICATIONS, FUEL SUBSTITUTION, FUEL SUPPLIES, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL TAX, FUEL TAXES, FUELS, GAS, GASEOUS FUELS, GASOLINE, GASOLINE ADDITIVES, GASOLINE BLEND, GASOLINE PRICE, GASOLINE PRICES, GASOLINE PRODUCTION, GENERATION, GEOTHERMAL, GEOTHERMAL POWER, GHG, GREASE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION, HEAT, HIGH ETHANOL, HYDROCARBONS, HYDROGEN, IMPORTS, IMPURITIES, INCOME, INELASTIC DEMAND, INFLATION, JATROPHA, LAND USE, LIQUID BIOFUEL, LIQUID BIOFUELS, LIQUID FUELS, MAIZE, MARKET POWER, MARKET PRICES, MOTOR GASOLINE, MOTOR GASOLINE CONSUMPTION, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL GAS, NITROGEN, NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES, OIL, OIL PRICES, OIL SUPPLY, OILS, OPEC, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, ORGANIC COMPOUND, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, OXYGEN, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM DIESEL, PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES, PETROLEUM FUEL PRICES, PETROLEUM PRICE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PIPELINE, PLANT OIL, PLANT OILS, PLANT OWNERS, POLICY DECISIONS, POLLUTANTS, POWER, POWER GENERATION, PRICE OF ETHANOL, PRICE OF GASOLINE, PRICES OF ETHANOL, PRIMARY FEEDSTOCK, PRODUCER OF SUGARCANE, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC GOOD, PURE ETHANOL, QUALITY STANDARDS, RAPESEED, RAPESEED OIL, RAPESEED OILS, RAPESEEDS, RAW SUGAR, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE SOURCE, RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SAVINGS, SOLID BIOMASS, SOYBEAN OIL, SOYBEAN PRODUCTION, SOYBEANS, STATIONARY SOURCES, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUGAR BEET, SUGAR BEETS, SUGAR INDUSTRIES, SUGAR INDUSTRY, SUGARCANE, SUGARCANE PRODUCTION, SULFUR, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TAX CREDIT, TAX REDUCTION, TRANSPORTATION FUEL, VALUE OF ETHANOL, VAPOR PRESSURE, VEGETABLE OILS, VEHICLES, WELFARE GAINS, WET MILLING, WHEAT, WOOD, WOOD WASTE, WOOD WASTES, WORLD CONSUMPTION, WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION