Cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental measures when aiming at promoting ecosystem service availability, species diversity or species of conservation concern
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This paper attempts to rank agri-environmental measures based on their long-term contribution on biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services as well as on net income received from agriculture and forestry. Environmental fallows proved to be a cost-effective measure in promoting bumblebee abundance and, hence, in increasing the availability of pollination services. An environmental fallow or a biodiversity strip established with a mixture of red clover, timothy and meadow fescue seeds increased total species richness of bumblebees, butterflies and diurnal moths most effectively compared with its costs. Forest biodiversity zones offered a cost-effective way to achieve the conservation goals of habitat-specialist butterflies.