Weather and Climate Services in Europe and Central Asia : A Regional Review
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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This paper reviews the status of weather
and climate services in Europe and Central Asia
(ECA).Worldwide, the accuracy and value of weather and
climate services are rising, bringing great economic
benefits. However, many National Meteorological and
Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in Europe and Central Asia are
in decline. As a result, these potential gains are often
missed. Much more could be done to mitigate weather
disasters, support the productivity of smallholding and
commercial agriculture, conserve energy, and promote safe
aviation and transport by road and rail. Although NMHS
capacity deficiencies are serious, they could be
significantly remedied by relatively modest but sustained
investments. Economic assessments indicate substantial
benefit-to-cost ratios for such initiatives. A strategy for
NMHS service improvement requires assessment of national
climate, user needs, NMHS status and provision of services,
and the economic benefits of an upgrade to weather and
climate services. recommendations for agency modernization
should include (a) a prioritized plan for improving data
delivery to national users, (b) identification of the
highest-priority infrastructure investments, and (c) a
reasonable phasing plan for overall modernization.
Palabras clave
AEROSOLS, AGRICULTURE, AGROMETEOROLOGY, AIR, AIR CIRCULATION, AIR QUALITY, ALTITUDE, ANTICYCLONES, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES, ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, BENCHMARKING, BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CITIES, CLIENT COUNTRIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, CLIMATE FORECASTS, CLIMATE MODELS, CLIMATE SYSTEM, CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA, CLIMATOLOGY, CLOUDINESS, CLOUDS, CYCLONE, CYCLONES, DAMAGES, DATA COLLECTION, DATA GATHERING, DATA SHARING, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DONATIONS, DROUGHT, DROUGHT MANAGEMENT, DUST, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC MODELS, ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EVAPORATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, EXPLOITATION, FARMS, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHING, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOG, FOOD PRODUCTION, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FROST, GCM, GDP, GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL, GLOBAL INTEREST, GLOBAL NETWORK, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HAIL, HYDROLOGY, HYDROMETEOROLOGY, INCOME, INSURANCE, INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, IPCC, IRRIGATION, LAKES, LAND COVER, LAND TEMPERATURE, LAND USE, LEGISLATION, LEISURE, MEDIA, METEOROLOGICAL DATA, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES, METEOROLOGY, MONOPOLIES, NATIONAL ECONOMIES, NATIONAL ECONOMY, OCEANS, OPTIMIZATION, PARTICULATES, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTION, PRECIPITATION, PRECIPITATION RATE, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRAMS, PUBLIC GOODS, RADIO, RAIN, RAINFALL, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, RIVER BASINS, RIVERS, RUNOFF, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SEAS, SEVERE STORMS, SEVERE WEATHER, SIBERIA, SINK, SNOW, SOIL, STORMS, STRATOSPHERE, STREAMS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TELECOMMUNICATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TELECOMS, TEMPERATURE, TROPOSPHERE, UPPER ATMOSPHERE, VALUATION, VARIABLE PRECIPITATION, WEATHER, WEATHER DISASTERS, WEATHER EVENTS, WEATHER FORECASTING, WEATHER FORECASTS, WEATHER HAZARDS, WEATHER INFORMATION, WEATHER MONITORING, WEATHER PATTERNS, WEATHER PREDICTION, WEATHER REPORTS, WEATHER SERVICES, WEATHER STATIONS, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WIND, WIND SPEED, WINDS, WMO, WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, WORLD WEATHER WATCH, WTP