The Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men

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dc.creatorBeyrer, Chris
dc.creatorWirtz, Andrea L.
dc.creatorWalker, Damian
dc.creatorJohns, Benjamin
dc.creatorSifakis, Frangiscos
dc.creatorBaral, Stefan D.
dc.date2012-03-19T09:03:48Z
dc.date2012-03-19T09:03:48Z
dc.date2011-05-27
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:02:44Z
dc.descriptionMen who have sex with Men (MSM) are currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been consistently higher among MSM than for the general population of reproductive-age men virtually wherever MSM have been well studied. Although scarce, HIV incidence data support findings of high acquisition and transmission risks among MSM in multiple contexts, cultural settings, and economic levels. Research among MSM in LMICs has been limited by the criminalization and social stigmatization of these behaviors, the safety considerations for study participants, the hidden nature of these populations, and a lack of targeted funding. Available evidence from these countries suggests that structural risks social, economic, political, or legal factors in addition to individual-level risk factors are likely to play important roles in shaping HIV risks and treatment and care options for these men. Services and resources for populations of MSM remain markedly low in many settings. They have limited coverage and access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care services with some estimates suggesting that fewer than one in ten MSM worldwide have access to the most basic package of preventive interventions.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000386194_20110602055746
dc.identifier978-0-8213-8726-9
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/2308
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8726-9
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/414632
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank
dc.relationDirections in Development
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO CONDOMS
dc.subjectACCESS TO TREATMENT
dc.subjectACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
dc.subjectADULT POPULATION
dc.subjectAGE DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectAIDS RELIEF
dc.subjectAIDS RESEARCH
dc.subjectBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectBIOLOGICAL MEASURES
dc.subjectBISEXUAL
dc.subjectBISEXUALS
dc.subjectBOTH SEXES
dc.subjectCIRCUMCISION
dc.subjectCOCAINE
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY HEALTH
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY OUTREACH
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectCONDOM
dc.subjectCONDOM USE
dc.subjectCONDOM USE AMONG MEN
dc.subjectCOUNSELING INTERVENTION
dc.subjectDISABILITY
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDISEASE
dc.subjectDISEASE BURDEN
dc.subjectDISEASE CONTROL
dc.subjectDISSEMINATION
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION OF CONDOMS
dc.subjectDRUG USER
dc.subjectDRUGS
dc.subjectEFFECTIVE USE
dc.subjectEMERGENCY PLAN
dc.subjectEPIDEMIC
dc.subjectEPIDEMIC SCENARIOS
dc.subjectEPIDEMICS
dc.subjectEPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA
dc.subjectEPIDEMIOLOGY
dc.subjectEXERCISES
dc.subjectFEMALE CONDOMS
dc.subjectFEMALE SEX PARTNERS
dc.subjectFEMALE SEX WORKERS
dc.subjectGAY MEN
dc.subjectGENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectGROSS NATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectHARM REDUCTION
dc.subjectHAZARD
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectHEALTH INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectHEALTH PROMOTION
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR
dc.subjectHEALTH SYSTEMS
dc.subjectHEPATITIS
dc.subjectHEPATITIS A
dc.subjectHEPATITIS B
dc.subjectHEPATITIS B VIRUS
dc.subjectHERPES
dc.subjectHERPES SIMPLEX
dc.subjectHERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
dc.subjectHETEROSEXUALS
dc.subjectHIV
dc.subjectHIV EPIDEMICS
dc.subjectHIV INFECTION
dc.subjectHIV INFECTIONS
dc.subjectHIV PREVALENCE
dc.subjectHIV PREVALENCE RATES
dc.subjectHIV PREVENTION
dc.subjectHIV PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectHIV TESTING
dc.subjectHIV TRANSMISSION
dc.subjectHIV/AIDS
dc.subjectHOMOSEXUALITY
dc.subjectHOMOSEXUALS
dc.subjectHOSPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN DIGNITY
dc.subjectHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
dc.subjectHUMAN RIGHTS
dc.subjectIMMUNE DEFICIENCY
dc.subjectIMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
dc.subjectIMMUNODEFICIENCY
dc.subjectIMPACT OF HIV
dc.subjectINFECTIOUS DISEASES
dc.subjectINJECTING DRUG USE
dc.subjectINJECTING DRUG USERS
dc.subjectINJECTION DRUG
dc.subjectINJECTION DRUG USE
dc.subjectINTERCOURSE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
dc.subjectJOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
dc.subjectJOURNAL OF MEDICINE
dc.subjectLEGAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectLEGAL STATUS
dc.subjectLESBIANS
dc.subjectMALARIA
dc.subjectMALE SEX
dc.subjectMASS MEDIA
dc.subjectMEDICAL RESEARCH
dc.subjectMEDICINE
dc.subjectMENTAL HEALTH
dc.subjectMETHADONE
dc.subjectMICROBICIDES
dc.subjectMINISTRY OF HEALTH
dc.subjectNATIONAL AIDS
dc.subjectNATIONAL AIDS CONTROL
dc.subjectNATIONAL LAWS
dc.subjectNEEDLE EXCHANGE
dc.subjectNEW INFECTIONS
dc.subjectOPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
dc.subjectOUTREACH WORKERS
dc.subjectPARTNER REDUCTION
dc.subjectPEER OUTREACH
dc.subjectPERCENT HIV PREVALENCE
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOPULATION COUNCIL
dc.subjectPREVALENCE
dc.subjectPREVALENCE RATES
dc.subjectPREVENTION AND CARE
dc.subjectPREVENTION COMPONENTS
dc.subjectPRIMARY HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectPROPHYLAXIS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectRECEPTIVE ANAL INTERCOURSE
dc.subjectREPRODUCTIVE AGE
dc.subjectREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
dc.subjectRESPECT
dc.subjectRISK FACTORS
dc.subjectRISK GROUPS
dc.subjectRISK POPULATIONS
dc.subjectRISK REDUCTION
dc.subjectRISK-REDUCTION
dc.subjectRISK-REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectSCREENING
dc.subjectSELF-ESTEEM
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVISION
dc.subjectSET OF RECOMMENDATIONS
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSEX BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectSEX PRACTICES
dc.subjectSEX WITH MEN
dc.subjectSEX WORKER
dc.subjectSEX WORKERS
dc.subjectSEXUAL BEHAVIOR
dc.subjectSEXUAL BEHAVIORS
dc.subjectSEXUAL MINORITIES
dc.subjectSEXUAL ORIENTATION
dc.subjectSEXUAL PARTNER
dc.subjectSEXUAL PARTNERS
dc.subjectSEXUAL PRACTICES
dc.subjectSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION
dc.subjectSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
dc.subjectSOCIAL JUSTICE
dc.subjectSTIS
dc.subjectSUBSTANCE USE
dc.subjectSYNDROMES
dc.subjectTHERAPY
dc.subjectTOLERANCE
dc.subjectTREATMENT
dc.subjectTREATMENT AND CARE
dc.subjectTUBERCULOSIS
dc.subjectUNAIDS
dc.subjectUNIVERSAL ACCESS
dc.subjectUNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectUSE OF CONDOMS
dc.subjectUSE OF RESOURCES
dc.subjectVACCINATION
dc.subjectVACCINE
dc.subjectVIRUS
dc.subjectVOLUNTARY COUNSELING
dc.subjectWOMAN
dc.subjectWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.titleThe Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men

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