The Global HIV Epidemics among Men Who Have Sex with Men
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World Bank
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Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are
currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and
Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin
America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central
Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been
consistently higher among MSM than for the general
population of reproductive-age men virtually wherever MSM
have been well studied. Although scarce, HIV incidence data
support findings of high acquisition and transmission risks
among MSM in multiple contexts, cultural settings, and
economic levels. Research among MSM in LMICs has been
limited by the criminalization and social stigmatization of
these behaviors, the safety considerations for study
participants, the hidden nature of these populations, and a
lack of targeted funding. Available evidence from these
countries suggests that structural risks social, economic,
political, or legal factors in addition to individual-level
risk factors are likely to play important roles in shaping
HIV risks and treatment and care options for these men.
Services and resources for populations of MSM remain
markedly low in many settings. They have limited coverage
and access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care
services with some estimates suggesting that fewer than one
in ten MSM worldwide have access to the most basic package
of preventive interventions.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CONDOMS, ACCESS TO TREATMENT, ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, ADULT POPULATION, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AIDS RELIEF, AIDS RESEARCH, BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, BIOLOGICAL MEASURES, BISEXUAL, BISEXUALS, BOTH SEXES, CIRCUMCISION, COCAINE, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COMMUNITY OUTREACH, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CONDOM, CONDOM USE, CONDOM USE AMONG MEN, COUNSELING INTERVENTION, DISABILITY, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASE, DISEASE BURDEN, DISEASE CONTROL, DISSEMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF CONDOMS, DRUG USER, DRUGS, EFFECTIVE USE, EMERGENCY PLAN, EPIDEMIC, EPIDEMIC SCENARIOS, EPIDEMICS, EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA, EPIDEMIOLOGY, EXERCISES, FEMALE CONDOMS, FEMALE SEX PARTNERS, FEMALE SEX WORKERS, GAY MEN, GENDER EQUALITY, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HARM REDUCTION, HAZARD, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEPATITIS, HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HERPES, HERPES SIMPLEX, HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS, HETEROSEXUALS, HIV, HIV EPIDEMICS, HIV INFECTION, HIV INFECTIONS, HIV PREVALENCE, HIV PREVALENCE RATES, HIV PREVENTION, HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, HIV TESTING, HIV TRANSMISSION, HIV/AIDS, HOMOSEXUALITY, HOMOSEXUALS, HOSPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN DIGNITY, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HUMAN RIGHTS, IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, IMPACT OF HIV, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INJECTING DRUG USE, INJECTING DRUG USERS, INJECTION DRUG, INJECTION DRUG USE, INTERCOURSE, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, LEGAL PROTECTION, LEGAL STATUS, LESBIANS, MALARIA, MALE SEX, MASS MEDIA, MEDICAL RESEARCH, MEDICINE, MENTAL HEALTH, METHADONE, MICROBICIDES, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NATIONAL AIDS, NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL, NATIONAL LAWS, NEEDLE EXCHANGE, NEW INFECTIONS, OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, OUTREACH WORKERS, PARTNER REDUCTION, PEER OUTREACH, PERCENT HIV PREVALENCE, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION COUNCIL, PREVALENCE, PREVALENCE RATES, PREVENTION AND CARE, PREVENTION COMPONENTS, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PROPHYLAXIS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PURCHASING POWER, RECEPTIVE ANAL INTERCOURSE, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, RESPECT, RISK FACTORS, RISK GROUPS, RISK POPULATIONS, RISK REDUCTION, RISK-REDUCTION, RISK-REDUCTION INTERVENTIONS, SCREENING, SELF-ESTEEM, SERVICE PROVISION, SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS, SEX, SEX BEHAVIOR, SEX PRACTICES, SEX WITH MEN, SEX WORKER, SEX WORKERS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SEXUAL BEHAVIORS, SEXUAL MINORITIES, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, SEXUAL PARTNER, SEXUAL PARTNERS, SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, SOCIAL JUSTICE, STIS, SUBSTANCE USE, SYNDROMES, THERAPY, TOLERANCE, TREATMENT, TREATMENT AND CARE, TUBERCULOSIS, UNAIDS, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE, URBAN AREAS, USE OF CONDOMS, USE OF RESOURCES, VACCINATION, VACCINE, VIRUS, VOLUNTARY COUNSELING, WOMAN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION