Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This guidance note provides review and
recommendations for how the protective services of mangroves
and coral reefs can be measured and valued in a manner
consistent with national economic accounts and included in
other decision-making processes to support planning for
development, disaster risk, and coastal zone management. It
synthesizes evidence of the role mangroves (chapter 2) and
coral reefs (chapter 3) play in coastal protection and risk
reduction. It also reviews the tools and approaches commonly
used by ecologists, economists, and engineers for estimating
the coastal protection services of coastal habitats (chapter
4). Moreover, it examines how the valuations of these
coastal protection services can be considered in the System
of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA), the satellite
accounts to the System of National Accounts (SNA) (chapter
5). In addition, the note examines where the coastal
protection role of reefs and mangroves has been used in
management decisions from local to national scales (chapter
6). Finally, it provides recommendations for advancing the
assessment and the use of coastal protection values from
coral reefs and mangroves in national and regional decisions
(chapter 7).
Palabras clave
WIND WAVES, COASTAL HABITAT, FAUNA, FISH, REEFS, SURFACE WIND, ORGANIC MATTER, TOPOGRAPHY, SEAS, DONOR, WATERWAYS, LAGRANGIAN, RED ALGAE, ESTUARY, SEA LEVEL RISES, OFFSHORE STRUCTURES, PORTFOLIO, CORAL REEF CONSERVATION, SHORELINES, SURFACE WINDS, NUTRIENTS, COASTAL SURVEY, CORALS, SEABED, WATER DEPTH, SURFACE WIND SPEEDS, SEAGRASS, FORESHORE, CURRENT VELOCITY, TSUNAMIS, TIDAL WAVE, FRINGING REEFS, BEACH EROSION, COASTAL COMMUNITY, MARINE GEOLOGY, COASTAL ECOSYSTEM, OCEAN, WATER PRESSURE, LEADS, MARINE ECOSYSTEM, REEF, COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS, WATER LEVEL, SEA LEVEL RISE, MARINE PROTECTED AREA, SEA LEVELS, SEA OTTERS, WIND STRESS, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, NATURAL RESOURCES, ATOLLS, COASTAL ENGINEERING, TRANSPLANTS, MARINE RESEARCH, SHORES, COASTAL AREA, NUTRIENT, WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS, LEAD, MARSH, SHORE PROTECTION, WAVE HEIGHTS, AQUACULTURE, CONTINENTS, COASTAL WETLANDS, SEA LEVEL PRESSURE, PARTNERSHIP, MARINE RESOURCE, ECHINODERMS, ACCRETION, MARSHES, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, FOOD SOURCE, COASTAL BIODIVERSITY, SI, FISHPONDS, OVERFISHING, SALT MARSHES, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT, COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, ISLANDS, OCEAN WAVE, MIDDLE- INCOME COUNTRIES, CONTINENTAL SHELF, SPONGES, FISH POPULATIONS, WAVE DIRECTION, FISHERIES, COASTS, OCEANS, TURBULENCE, COASTLINE, ALGAE, ISLAND, NATURAL RESOURCE, NITROGEN, MARINE BIOLOGY, ESTUARIES, MARINE LABORATORY, SEA GRASS, BEACH PROFILES, SALT MARSH, COASTAL WETLAND, FISHERY, BA, SEA-LEVEL, SHRIMP, SEA, CORAL REEFS, WATERS, COASTLINES, COASTAL PROCESSES, MARINE HABITATS, SEA LEVEL, MEAN SEA LEVEL, WATER TEMPERATURE, CALCIUM, WATER QUALITY, FISH PRODUCTION, DUNE, BARRIER REEFS, SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT, INVERTEBRATES, COASTAL HABITATS, WIND DRIVEN CIRCULATION, COASTAL WATERS, WIND SPEED, CARBON, ATOLL, INDIAN OCEAN, CONTINENTAL SHELVES, WATER DEPTHS, SEWAGE, DELTA, MARINE RESOURCES, PACIFIC OCEAN, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, COASTAL ZONE, AQUATIC ORGANISMS, MANGROVES, BAY, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, PH, WATER RESOURCES, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, SHORE, COASTAL DEVELOPMENT, OXYGEN, BIOMASS, COASTAL RESEARCH, SEDIMENT, COASTAL ZONES, MARINE SCIENCE, STRAIT, TSUNAMI, BEACH PROFILE, WAVE PERIODS, SHELLFISH, TIDE, MARINE HABITAT, SEDIMENTS, STORM SURGES, COASTAL RESOURCES, WATER, COASTAL EROSION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, POLLUTION, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, TRANSPLANT, ESTUARINE SYSTEMS, OCEAN WAVES, NICKEL, COASTAL AREAS, SEA OTTER, FISHING, STORM SURGE, BARRIER REEF, OCEAN ENGINEERING, BEACH, COASTAL FISHERIES, CLIMATE CHANGE, GEOLOGY, BEACHES, COASTAL MANAGEMENT, INLETS, SWELL, OYSTER, GULF, FISHES, COASTAL COMMUNITIES, COASTAL DUNES, BARRIER ISLANDS, CORAL COVER, CORAL REEF, MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, WAVE HEIGHT, COASTAL PROTECTION, FISHING GEAR, COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, BEACH FORESTS, BATHYMETRY, DUNES, CORAL, SEA WATER, EROSION, MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, MARINE POLLUTION, COASTAL REGIONS, MANGROVE, COAST, WAVE PERIOD, WIND SPEEDS, SHORELINE, FRINGING REEF, WATER POLLUTION, MARINE RESERVES, SEAWATER, SILVER, SEDIMENTATION, SHARK, ADVECTION, TIDAL CURRENTS, TIDES, BEACH FOREST, WATER LEVELS, CARBONATE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD SOURCES