Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China

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dc.creatorWorld Bank Group
dc.date2016-07-20T19:49:04Z
dc.date2016-07-20T19:49:04Z
dc.date2016-05
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:42:14Z
dc.descriptionThe reform of China's collectively owned forest land, began in 2008, is arguably the largest land-reform undertaking in modern times in terms of area and people affected. Under the reform, forest lands have been contracted to rural households, allowing them more independence in exercising their rights and interests in the forest lands, giving them more opportunities to improve family incomes, and creating incentives for them to cultivate, conserve, and manage forests. These lands are home to some 610 million people, many of them poor. With urbanization, vast numbers of Chinese men have migrated to cities to work, leaving women as the predominant labor force in rural areas. Indeed, some 70 percent of China’s agriculture labor force is now female. The immense scope of this change calls for a systematic examination of how China's rural women gain access to and exploit forest land and associated resources and services. The reform was designed to unfold in two broad stages. In the first, collectively owned forest lands suitable for contracting were allocated on equal terms to each household in affected villages. The ongoing second stage represents a deepening of the reform. It deals with subsidies and ecological compensation, financial services (including use of forest tenure as collateral and transfers of forest land), forest insurance, technical services and training, farmers’ associations and cooperatives, and market services. However, the monitoring had not covered the gender dimension of the reform, meaning that the gender data required to accurately reflect the full effects of the reform have been lacking. Building on the annual monitoring conducted by the FEDRC, the study reported here added gender-related investigation and analysis to obtain gender data about the current reform situation, its problems, and their causes. It also included structured interviews with rural women and group meetings with local government agencies, women’s federations, and village committees.The ultimate objective of the study is to achieve better gender-responsiveness in China’s collective forest tenure reform. Specifically, this includes: (i) equality in access to and control of forest lands, as well as access to associated resources and services; (ii) women’s participation and equality in decision-making concerning the conservation and utilization of forest resources; and (iii) impacts of the first two aspects on the status and well-being of women. The World Bank has had over 30 years of successful cooperation with China in the forestry sector. Women’s access to the services and resources that are the focus of the second stage of the reform will be a critical element of the World Bank’s continuing reform dialogue with its Chinese partners.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26437519/gender-dimensions-collective-forest-tenure-reform-china
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/24725
dc.identifier10.1596/24725
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/409502
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectTAX INCENTIVES
dc.subjectGENDER INDICATORS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectEMPOWERMENT
dc.subjectCREDIT PROGRAM
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectVILLAGES
dc.subjectFACILITATION
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUALITY
dc.subjectPEOPLE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectETHNIC MINORITIES
dc.subjectFINANCING
dc.subjectVILLAGE
dc.subjectINFORMATION SYSTEM
dc.subjectOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
dc.subjectMORTGAGE APPLICATION
dc.subjectLAND RIGHT
dc.subjectINTEREST
dc.subjectADMINISTRATIVE COST
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectGENDER ISSUE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT FUNDING
dc.subjectBIAS
dc.subjectLEGAL AUTHORITIES
dc.subjectINTEREST RATE
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectCULTURAL BIAS
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectCOOP
dc.subjectEXCLUSION
dc.subjectLEGAL ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectACCESS TO RESOURCES
dc.subjectGUARANTORS
dc.subjectMORTGAGE
dc.subjectWELFARE
dc.subjectINSURANCE POLICIES
dc.subjectLOAN
dc.subjectCAPACITY BUILDING
dc.subjectCREDITWORTHINESS
dc.subjectFEE
dc.subjectSUBSIDY
dc.subjectLEVELS OF ACCESS
dc.subjectACCESS TO MARKET
dc.subjectSAVING
dc.subjectTRANSACTION COST
dc.subjectMARKET INFORMATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectMINORITY POPULATIONS
dc.subjectSMALL FARMERS
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectFAMILY INCOMES
dc.subjectMORTGAGE LOAN
dc.subjectCREDITS
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectTECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
dc.subjectEQUAL RIGHT
dc.subjectSUPPORT FOR WOMEN
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
dc.subjectHIGH INTEREST RATES
dc.subjectJOB OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectSOCIAL EXCLUSION
dc.subjectEQUAL RIGHTS
dc.subjectELIGIBLE APPLICANTS
dc.subjectGENDER MAINSTREAMING
dc.subjectOPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP
dc.subjectDEBTS
dc.subjectINTEREST RATES
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectGENDER AWARENESS
dc.subjectPREJUDICE
dc.subjectPOLICY DESIGN
dc.subjectLAND RIGHTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL CREDITS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectGENDER SENSITIVITY
dc.subjectLOANS
dc.subjectENTERPRISES
dc.subjectETHNIC MINORITY
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectGENDER ISSUES
dc.subjectREAL ESTATE
dc.subjectEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectFINANCE
dc.subjectSTATUS OF WOMEN
dc.subjectADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
dc.subjectEDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subjectACCESS TO INFORMATION
dc.subjectBANKS
dc.subjectMICRO-CREDIT
dc.subjectINCOME CATEGORY
dc.subjectGRANT
dc.subjectDOMESTIC VIOLENCE
dc.subjectPERMANENT RESIDENTS
dc.subjectCAPITAL
dc.subjectEQUAL ACCESS
dc.subjectSMALL ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectECONOMIC RESOURCES
dc.subjectFAMILY OBLIGATIONS
dc.subjectWOMAN
dc.subjectFAMILY
dc.subjectGENDER
dc.subjectBANK
dc.subjectCREDIT
dc.subjectACCESSIBILITY
dc.subjectLABOUR MARKET
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
dc.subjectREPAYMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATION LEVEL
dc.subjectENTERPRISE
dc.subjectPROPERTY
dc.subjectSOCIAL NETWORKS
dc.subjectMIGRANT WORKERS
dc.subjectPERMANENT RESIDENCE
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINTERESTS
dc.subjectGENDERS
dc.subjectSECURITY
dc.subjectHUSBAND
dc.subjectINVESTMENT
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectMORTGAGE LOANS
dc.subjectEQUALITY
dc.subjectCOLLATERAL
dc.subjectLOAN SIZE
dc.subjectCOOPERATION
dc.subjectMICRO CREDIT
dc.subjectCOOPERATIVES
dc.subjectMINORITY GROUPS
dc.subjectHEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectSTUDENTS
dc.subjectBORROWING
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SUPPORT
dc.subjectINVESTMENTS
dc.subjectTECHNICAL SUPPORT
dc.subjectMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subjectBANKING SUPERVISION
dc.subjectFEES
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectWOMEN
dc.subjectENTREPRENEUR
dc.subjectBARRIERS TO WOMEN
dc.subjectCOOPERATIVE
dc.subjectMIGRANT WORKER
dc.subjectGUARANTEE
dc.subjectCREDIT FOR WOMEN
dc.subjectGENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.titleGender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China
dc.typeReport
dc.typeRapport
dc.typeInforme

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