Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The reform of China's collectively
owned forest land, began in 2008, is arguably the largest
land-reform undertaking in modern times in terms of area and
people affected. Under the reform, forest lands have been
contracted to rural households, allowing them more
independence in exercising their rights and interests in the
forest lands, giving them more opportunities to improve
family incomes, and creating incentives for them to
cultivate, conserve, and manage forests. These lands are
home to some 610 million people, many of them poor. With
urbanization, vast numbers of Chinese men have migrated to
cities to work, leaving women as the predominant labor force
in rural areas. Indeed, some 70 percent of China’s
agriculture labor force is now female. The immense scope of
this change calls for a systematic examination of how
China's rural women gain access to and exploit forest
land and associated resources and services. The reform was
designed to unfold in two broad stages. In the first,
collectively owned forest lands suitable for contracting
were allocated on equal terms to each household in affected
villages. The ongoing second stage represents a deepening of
the reform. It deals with subsidies and ecological
compensation, financial services (including use of forest
tenure as collateral and transfers of forest land), forest
insurance, technical services and training, farmers’
associations and cooperatives, and market services. However,
the monitoring had not covered the gender dimension of the
reform, meaning that the gender data required to accurately
reflect the full effects of the reform have been lacking.
Building on the annual monitoring conducted by the FEDRC,
the study reported here added gender-related investigation
and analysis to obtain gender data about the current reform
situation, its problems, and their causes. It also included
structured interviews with rural women and group meetings
with local government agencies, women’s federations, and
village committees.The ultimate objective of the study is to
achieve better gender-responsiveness in China’s collective
forest tenure reform. Specifically, this includes: (i)
equality in access to and control of forest lands, as well
as access to associated resources and services; (ii) women’s
participation and equality in decision-making concerning the
conservation and utilization of forest resources; and (iii)
impacts of the first two aspects on the status and
well-being of women. The World Bank has had over 30 years
of successful cooperation with China in the forestry sector.
Women’s access to the services and resources that are the
focus of the second stage of the reform will be a critical
element of the World Bank’s continuing reform dialogue with
its Chinese partners.
Palabras clave
TAX INCENTIVES, GENDER INDICATORS, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, EMPOWERMENT, CREDIT PROGRAM, FINANCIAL SERVICES, VILLAGES, FACILITATION, GENDER INEQUALITY, PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FINANCING, VILLAGE, INFORMATION SYSTEM, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, MORTGAGE APPLICATION, LAND RIGHT, INTEREST, ADMINISTRATIVE COST, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, GENDER ISSUE, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, BIAS, LEGAL AUTHORITIES, INTEREST RATE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, CULTURAL BIAS, DISCRIMINATION, COOP, EXCLUSION, LEGAL ASSISTANCE, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, GUARANTORS, MORTGAGE, WELFARE, INSURANCE POLICIES, LOAN, CAPACITY BUILDING, CREDITWORTHINESS, FEE, SUBSIDY, LEVELS OF ACCESS, ACCESS TO MARKET, SAVING, TRANSACTION COST, MARKET INFORMATION, INTERNATIONAL BANK, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, MINORITY POPULATIONS, SMALL FARMERS, PUBLIC POLICY, FAMILY INCOMES, MORTGAGE LOAN, CREDITS, SAVINGS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, EQUAL RIGHT, SUPPORT FOR WOMEN, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, HIGH INTEREST RATES, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, EQUAL RIGHTS, ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP, DEBTS, INTEREST RATES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, GENDER AWARENESS, PREJUDICE, POLICY DESIGN, LAND RIGHTS, AGRICULTURAL CREDITS, SOCIAL SECURITY, GENDER SENSITIVITY, LOANS, ENTERPRISES, ETHNIC MINORITY, FARMERS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, GENDER ISSUES, REAL ESTATE, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, FINANCE, STATUS OF WOMEN, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, EDUCATED WOMEN, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, BANKS, MICRO-CREDIT, INCOME CATEGORY, GRANT, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, PERMANENT RESIDENTS, CAPITAL, EQUAL ACCESS, SMALL ENTERPRISES, GENDER DIFFERENCES, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, FAMILY OBLIGATIONS, WOMAN, FAMILY, GENDER, BANK, CREDIT, ACCESSIBILITY, LABOUR MARKET, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, REPAYMENT, EDUCATION LEVEL, ENTERPRISE, PROPERTY, SOCIAL NETWORKS, MIGRANT WORKERS, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INTERESTS, GENDERS, SECURITY, HUSBAND, INVESTMENT, HOUSEHOLDS, MORTGAGE LOANS, EQUALITY, COLLATERAL, LOAN SIZE, COOPERATION, MICRO CREDIT, COOPERATIVES, MINORITY GROUPS, HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, STUDENTS, BORROWING, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, INVESTMENTS, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, MARRIED WOMEN, BANKING SUPERVISION, FEES, FAMILIES, WOMEN, ENTREPRENEUR, BARRIERS TO WOMEN, COOPERATIVE, MIGRANT WORKER, GUARANTEE, CREDIT FOR WOMEN, GENDER EQUALITY, INEQUALITY