The Primacy of Institutions Reconsidered : Direct Income Effects of Malaria Prevalence
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Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
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Some recent empirical studies deny any
direct effect of geography on development and conclude that
institutions dominate all other potential determinants of
development. An alternative view emphasizes that geographic
factor such as disease ecology, as proxied by the prevalence
of malaria, may have a large negative effect on income,
independent of the quality of a country's institutions.
For instance, pandemic malaria may create a large economic
burden beyond medical costs and forgone earnings by
affecting household behavior and such macroeconomic
variables as international investment and trade. After
controlling for institutional quality, malaria prevalence is
found to cause quantitatively important negative effects on
income. The robustness of this finding is checked by
employing alternative instrumental variables, tests of
over-identification restrictions, and tests of the validity
of the point estimates and standard errors in the presence
of weak instruments. The baseline findings appear to be
robust to using alternative specifications,
instrumentations, and samples. The reported estimates
suggest that good institutions may be necessary but not
sufficient for generating a persistent process of successful
economic development.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTABILITY, ADULT POPULATION, ANOPHELES MOSQUITO, ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES, ANOPHELINE MOSQUITO, BAYESIAN INFORMATION CRITERION, BENCHMARK, BILATERAL TRADE, BURDEN OF MALARIA, BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY, CALCULATION, CAUSAL EFFECT, CAUSAL EFFECTS, CD, CLEAN WATER, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, COMPLICATIONS, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, CORRUPTION, DATA QUALITY, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DISEASE, DISEASE BURDEN, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC HISTORIANS, ECONOMIC HISTORY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES, EQUATIONS, EXOGENOUS VARIABLES, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, FERTILITY, FIXED COSTS, FOREIGN AID, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GOVERNANCE INDICATOR, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, GOVERNANCE QUALITY, GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HIGH FERTILITY RATE, HOME COUNTRIES, HUMAN CAPITAL, HYGIENE, ILLNESS, IMPACT OF MALARIA, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME LEVEL, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, INFECTION, INFECTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR FORCE, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LINEAR MODELS, LONGEVITY, LOWER FERTILITY, MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES, MALARIA, MALARIA INFECTION, MALARIA INFECTIONS, MALARIA TRANSMISSION, MONETARY ECONOMICS, MORTALITY, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EFFECTS, OUTPUT PER CAPITA, PANDEMIC, PER CAPITA INCOME, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL STABILITY, POOR HEALTH, POPULATION SIZE, PRECISION, PREVALENCE, PRIVATE PROPERTY, PROBABILITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, REAL GDP, REASONING, REGULATORY QUALITY, RESPECT, REVERSE CAUSALITY, RISK OF INFECTION, RISK OF MALARIA, RULE OF LAW, SAMPLE SIZE, SCIENTISTS, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, SKILL LEVEL, SOCIAL BURDEN, SPECIES, STANDARD ERRORS, STATISTICAL INFERENCE, STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SURVIVAL RATE, THEOREMS, TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA, TREATMENT, TROPICAL DISEASES, TROPICAL MEDICINE, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, VALIDITY, VECTORS, WEALTH, WORKFORCE