Baseline and Feasibility Assessment for Alternative Cooking Fuels in Senegal
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This report was prepared by Practical
Action Consulting for the Africa Clean Cooking Energy
Solutions (ACCES) initiative of the World Bank. Most of
Sub-Saharan Africa continues to rely overwhelmingly on
traditional fuels and cooking technologies, both of which
are a major cause of death and illness as well as a range of
socio-economic and environmental problems. More than 90 per
cent of the rural population of Senegal relies on solid
fuels (charcoal and firewood in particular, but also dung
and agricultural residues) to meet its household cooking
needs. The primary objective of this study is, (a) to
establish a baseline for the current level of penetration of
four alternative cooking fuels in Senegal in a number of
pre-identified regions, and (b) to assess the feasibility of
adopting them in those regions. The four fuels are
briquettes from charcoal dust and agricultural residues;
ethanol, mainly from sugar cane residue (that is, molasses);
pure plant oil (PPO) from locally grown, oil-bearing plants
such as Jatropha curcas; and a household biogas system using
mainly livestock waste. Against this background, the World
Bank commissioned this study to assess the feasibility of
promoting the use of a number of alternative cooking fuels
in Senegal, which were pre-identified for possible support
under its Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management
Project (PROGEDE II). Four alternative fuels were analysed
in terms of their potential for adoption by households for
cooking, each in a different region of Senegal: (a)
briquettes in Dakar, (b) ethanol in Saint-Louis, (c) biogas
in Kaolack, and (d) pure plant oil (PPO) in Tambacounda. The
study includes a baseline assessment of household cooking
fuels in Senegal, including a number of alternative fuels,
as well as an analysis of their potential supply chains. Its
objective is to inform a range of relevant stakeholders, in
particular the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Senegal, the
World Bank's PROGEDE II, nongovernmental organisations,
investors and private sector companies, about strategies to
increase production of and access to these alternative
fuels. The study also presents important lessons on each
alternative fuel deriving from household surveys in each
region, a review of the relevant literature, interviews with
stakeholder organisations, and focus group discussions (FGDs).
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES, AIR POLLUTION, ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, ALTERNATIVE USES, ANIMAL DUNG, ANIMAL WASTE, APPLIANCES, APPROACH, AVAILABILITY, BIOENERGY, BIOFUEL, BIOFUEL PRODUCTION, BIOFUELS, BIOGAS, BIOGAS PRODUCTION, BIOGAS SYSTEM, BIOGAS SYSTEMS, BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY, BIOMASS, BIOMASS FUELS, BIOMASS MATERIALS, BIOMASS RESOURCES, BIOMASS STOVES, BIOMASS USAGE, BRIQUETTES, CALORIFIC VALUES, CANE RESIDUE, CAPACITY BUILDING, CHARCOAL, CHARCOAL DUST, CHARCOAL PRICES, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, CITIES, CLEAN FUELS, CLEANER BURNING, CLEANER FUELS, COOKING, COOKING FUELS, COOKING STOVES, CORN, DEMAND FOR ETHANOL, DIRTY FUEL, DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, DOMESTIC ENERGY, DOMESTIC FUEL, DUNG, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS, EFFICIENT STOVES, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSIONS, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY ACCESS, ENERGY CRISIS, ENERGY CROPS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EXPENDITURE, ENERGY MANAGEMENT, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY SERVICES, ENERGY USAGE, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENT FUND, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ESP, ETHANOL, ETHANOL MARKET, ETHANOL PLANT, ETHANOL PRODUCTION, FEEDSTOCK, FEEDSTOCKS, FOOD CROPS, FUEL COLLECTION, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL COSTS, FUEL MIX, FUEL PRICE, FUEL PRICES, FUEL PRODUCTION, FUEL SUBSTITUTION, FUEL TANKS, FUEL TYPE, FUEL TYPES, FUEL USE, FUELS, FUELWOOD, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HOUSEHOLD COOKING, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, HOUSEHOLD FUEL, HOUSEHOLD FUELS, HOUSING, INCOME, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, JATROPHA, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LPG, LPG STOVES, MODERN FUELS, OIL EXPLORATION, OIL PRICES, OIL PRODUCTION, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PLANT OIL, POWER, PRIMARY ENERGY, PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND, PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL, RAINFALL, RAW MATERIALS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, RICE HUSKS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, RURAL ENERGY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SMOKE, SOLAR SYSTEMS, SOLID FUEL, SOLID FUELS, SORGHUM, STALKS, SUGAR, SUGAR CANE, SUGARCANE, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, TARGETED SUBSIDIES, TRADITIONAL FUELS, TRANSPORT COSTS, URBAN AREA, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTRES, URBAN HOUSEHOLD, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, URBAN POOR, URBAN POPULATION, USE OF BIOMASS, WHOLESALE PRICE, WINDS, WOOD, WOOD FUEL