Female Business Ownership and Informal Sector Persistence
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The informal sector in India has been
exceptionally persistent over the past two decades. Is this
a bad thing? Not necessarily. This paper shows that a
substantial share of the persistence in India's
unorganized manufacturing sector is due to the rapid
increase in female-owned businesses. Had women's
participation remained in the proportion to male-owned
businesses that was evident in 1994, the unorganized
manufacturing sector would have declined in share rather
than increased. Most of these new female-owned businesses
are opened in the household and at a small scale, about a
third of the size of a typical male-owned business in the
informal sector. Yet, it appears that these businesses offer
economic opportunities not otherwise present and a
transition for some women from unpaid domestic work.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ADB, AID, BANKING SECTOR, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BUSINESS LEADERS, BUSINESS REGISTRATION, BUSINESS SERVICES, BUSINESSES, CITIES, COMMERCE, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPUTER HARDWARE, CONNECTIVITY, CUSTOMER DEMAND, DEBT, DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISTRICTS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC TRENDS, ELECTRICITY, EMPLOYMENT, ENTERPRISE SECTOR, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, EQUIPMENT, EQUIPMENTS, FEMALE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, GENDER, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER ISSUES, GLOBALIZATION, HOTELS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INNOVATION, INNOVATION POLICY, INSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, JOB CREATION, LABOR MARKETS, LAWS, LICENSE, LITERACY RATE, LITERACY RATES, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOCAL ECONOMY, MANUFACTURING, MINORITY, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL LEVELS, NETWORKS, NEW ENTRANTS, OPEN ACCESS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL TURMOIL, POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION CENSUSES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, RADIO, RATE OF MIGRATION, RECREATION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, RENTING, REPRODUCTION, RESPECT, RESULT, RESULTS, ROLE OF WOMEN, SANITATION, SLUMS, SMALL ENTERPRISES, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL SCIENCE, STRESSES, TELEVISION, TIME PERIOD, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBANIZATION, USES, VILLAGES, VULNERABILITY, WAGES, WEB, WORKFORCE