A management perspective on stress and infectious diseases in Clarias farming
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Disease organisms (Factor 1) and fish hosts for disease (Factor 2) occur in both natural and aquaculture systems in Thailand. When stressed fish with a reduced resistance to disease (Factor 3) also occur, outbreaks of disease, particularly in aquaculture systems, commonly follow. Control of factors 1 and 2 through management in Thai Clarias operations is generally limited and impractical. The key for disease control in these operations lies in the prevention of of factor 3 conditions through p ond management practices. Likely stressors and ways to control them in Clarias culture in Thailand are summarized in Table 1.