The Unfulfilled Promise of Oil and Growth : Poverty, Inclusion and Welfare in Iraq 2007-2012
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Washington, DC
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Iraq appears to have firmly entered the
ranks of upper middle-income countries in 2012, having
experienced strong economic growth following the
establishment of a civilian elected government in 2005-06.
In 2012 the years of growth culminated in a per capita GDP
of 2472 constant 2005 US$. This three-volume poverty and
inclusion assessment provides the first in-depth analysis of
Iraq's economic and social development during the
period of 2007 to 2012. Volume 1 is an overview of the
economic climate in Iraq, providing brushstroke descriptions
of its poverty reduction plans, labor markets, public health
data, and education focal points. Volume 2 is a nine-chapter
report on the years between 2007 and 2012, a period of
relative stability in Iraq. 2007 marks the end of sectarian
violence, which lasted until 2012, prior to the militancy
and insurgency in the northern governorates of the summer of
2014. The country has been a nexus of conflict and fragility
since the early 1980s, and has experienced multiple types of
conflict: insurgency, international war, sectarian strife,
persistent terrorism, regional fragmentation, and spillovers
from conflict in other countries. What should have been a
promising endowment of natural resources of land, oil and
gas, as well of human capital, did not provide the
foundation for poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The
realization of potential was confounded by war and
repression. A key priority of the Government of Iraq since
2005-06 has been to fill the huge knowledge gap in terms of
a deeper understanding of the state of the economy and of a
range of socioeconomic indicators of welfare with the
objective of building a strong evidence base for effective
policy making. The rich analyses presented in this report go
well beyond counting the poor. It gives an incisive
understanding of the multi-layered development challenges
faced by the nation, which serves as a testament to the
commitment of the Government of Iraq, the staff of the
Central Statistics Office, and the Kurdistan Region
Statistics Office. It will form the basis for a new strategy
for Iraq's development and ensure broad-based welfare
improvements for the population. Volume 3 consists of nine
annexes and nine references in the forms of tables, boxes,
and equations used in the methodologies.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCOUNTING, ADULT MALE, AGRICULTURAL DECLINE, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, ANNUAL GROWTH, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, BASIC HEALTH CARE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC NEEDS, BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILDBIRTH, CITIZENS, CIVIL WAR, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CRISES, DEVELOPING WORLD, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DIET, DISPLACEMENT, DIVERSIFICATION, DRIVERS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY MARRIAGE, EARLY MOTHERHOOD, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATED MEN, EDUCATED PEOPLE, EDUCATED WORKERS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LITERACY, FEMALE MORTALITY, FEMALE TEACHERS, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD NEEDS, FOOD PRICES, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SUBSIDIES, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GROWTH EFFECT, GROWTH PROCESS, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HIGH POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLITERACY, IMPACT OF CONFLICT, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME LEVELS, INCOMES INCREASE, INEQUITIES, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFORMAL SECTOR, INSURANCE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, JOB CREATION, JOB SEARCH, JOB SECURITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR REGULATIONS, LABOR SHARE, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIMITED JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LITERACY RATES, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE, MALE LABOR FORCE, MALE MORTALITY, MALNOURISHED CHILDREN, MALNUTRITION, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, MATHEMATICS, MEASURING POVERTY, MEDIUM TERM, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RATE, MOTHER, NATURAL RESOURCE, NEGATIVE IMPACT, NUTRITION, PART TIME EMPLOYMENT, PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT, PEACE, PENSIONS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PERSISTENT POVERTY, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POINT DECLINE, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POOR, POOR INDIVIDUALS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIMARY SOURCE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR JOB, PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC WORKS, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, REGULATORY BARRIERS, REMITTANCES, RENTS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RICH COUNTRIES, RULE OF LAW, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL QUALITY, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECTOR REFORMS, SECURITY SITUATION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SKILLED LABOR, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SERVICES, SPILLOVER, STATE ENTERPRISES, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRAINING SYSTEM, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, URBAN AREAS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, WAGE GAP, WAGES, WAR, WARS, WEALTH DISTRIBUTION, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG MOTHERS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUTH LABOR, ZAKAT