Biodiversity and National Accounting
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Biodiversity, a property of natural
areas, provides a range of benefits to the economy including
bioprospecting rents, knowledge and insurance, ecotourism
fees, and ecosystem services. Many of these values can be
broken out in the System of National Accounts, leading to
better estimates of the economic losses when natural areas
are degraded or destroyed. Developing countries harbor the
great majority of biodiversity, and this diversity provides
benefits, including knowledge and carbon sequestration, to
the whole world. However, protecting biodiversity is
particularly costly for developing countries: the
opportunity cost of foregoing development of natural areas
exceeds 1 percent of gross domestic product in 58 developing
countries, versus only four OECD countries. The Global
Environment Facility can offset these costs through grant
finance, but annual Global Environment Facility finance and
co-finance averages only 8 percent of the opportunity costs
faced by low-income countries.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURE, ALTERNATIVE USE, ANIMALS, ASSETS, BALANCE SHEET, BEQUEST VALUES, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY FINANCE, BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, BIODIVERSITY VALUES, BIOPROSPECTING, CAPITAL THEORY, CARBON, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES, COMMERCIAL SPECIES, COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT, CONSERVATION EFFORTS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CONSUMER SURPLUS, COUNTRY COMPARISONS, CROP PRODUCTION, DAMAGES, DEMAND CURVE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT, ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, ECOSYSTEMS, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, EVOLUTION, EXISTENCE VALUE, EXISTENCE VALUES, EXPECTED UTILITY, EXPECTED VALUE, EXPECTED VALUES, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNALITIES, EXTERNALITY, EXTINCTION, FARMS, FISCAL POLICIES, FISH, FISHING, FOOD CROPS, FORESTS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENETIC INFORMATION, GENETIC MAKEUP, GENETIC MATERIAL, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HUNTING, INSURANCE, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, LAND AREA, LAND VALUE, MARGINAL BENEFITS, MARGINAL VALUE, MEASURING EXISTENCE, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL AREAS, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURAL SYSTEMS, NATURAL WEALTH, NATURE, NATURE TOURISM, NON-USE VALUES, OPEN ACCESS, OPPORTUNITY COST, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, OPTION VALUE, PARK ENTRY FEES, PATENTS, PATHOGENS, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECTED AREAS, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC GOODS, RESOURCE DEPLETION, SAVINGS, SAVINGS RATES, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, SPECIES, SPECIES ABUNDANCE, STATED PREFERENCE METHODS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, THRESHOLDS, TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE, USE VALUE, UTILITY FUNCTION, VALUATION, WEALTH, WEALTH CREATION, WILDLIFE, WILLINGNESS TO PAY