Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

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dc.creatorMichalopoulos, Constantine
dc.creatorNg, Francis
dc.date2013-09-04T15:05:24Z
dc.date2013-09-04T15:05:24Z
dc.date2013-05
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:52:21Z
dc.descriptionThe study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures have declined significantly over time in both developed and developing countries. Second, the instruments of protection used by developed and developing countries are becoming increasingly similar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are the instruments of choice for all except low-income developing countries. Third, agriculture is the main sector where developing countries face access problems in OECD markets. Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements are both a result and a cause of the lack of progress in multilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basic World Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation and thus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system and a potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration. Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade are being increasingly used by both developed and developing countries but their protective intent is difficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance, transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are not being used as a means of protection of economic interests. Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area where efforts for further liberalization are needed and may produce significant benefits. And seventh, far less additional protection has been put in place following the 2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared or what had happened in earlier crises.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17772240/
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/15554
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6463
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/412254
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 6463
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectADVERSE EFFECTS
dc.subjectADVERSE IMPACT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS
dc.subjectANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
dc.subjectANTIDUMPING
dc.subjectANTIDUMPING DATABASE
dc.subjectANTIDUMPING MEASURES
dc.subjectAPPLIED TARIFF
dc.subjectAVERAGE TARIFF
dc.subjectAVERAGE TARIFFS
dc.subjectBALANCE OF PAYMENTS
dc.subjectBARRIERS TO TRADE
dc.subjectCAPITAL GOODS
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITION POLICY
dc.subjectCONSUMER GOODS
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCOUNTRY MARKETS
dc.subjectCUSTOMS
dc.subjectCUSTOMS UNION
dc.subjectDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS
dc.subjectDEVELOPING ECONOMIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDIMINISHING RETURNS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC INDUSTRIES
dc.subjectDOMESTIC INDUSTRY
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKETS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCERS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC TAXES
dc.subjectDUMPING
dc.subjectDURABLE
dc.subjectDURABLE GOODS
dc.subjectDUTY DRAWBACK
dc.subjectECONOMIC CRISIS
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICIES
dc.subjectEMERGING ECONOMIES
dc.subjectEPZ
dc.subjectEQUIPMENT
dc.subjectEXCHANGE CONTROL
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectEXPORT FINANCING
dc.subjectEXPORT INCENTIVES
dc.subjectEXPORT LICENSING
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETS
dc.subjectEXPORT PRICE
dc.subjectEXPORT PRICES
dc.subjectEXPORT PROCESSING
dc.subjectEXPORT PROCESSING ZONES
dc.subjectEXPORT PROHIBITIONS
dc.subjectEXPORT PROMOTION
dc.subjectEXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES
dc.subjectEXPORT QUOTAS
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDY
dc.subjectEXPORT TAXES
dc.subjectEXPORTERS
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFINAL GOODS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL CRISIS
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFOREIGN CURRENCY
dc.subjectFOREIGN FINANCING
dc.subjectFOREIGN MARKETS
dc.subjectFOREIGN SUPPLIERS
dc.subjectFREE TRADE
dc.subjectFREE TRADE AREA
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES
dc.subjectGLOBAL INTEGRATION
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
dc.subjectHIGH TRADE BARRIERS
dc.subjectIMPORT CONTROLS
dc.subjectIMPORT LICENSING
dc.subjectIMPORT PROHIBITIONS
dc.subjectIMPORT PROTECTION
dc.subjectIMPORT REGIME
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME GROUP
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectINCOME LEVEL
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectINSTRUMENT
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADING
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM
dc.subjectINVESTMENT CLIMATE
dc.subjectLDCS
dc.subjectLEVIES
dc.subjectLEVY
dc.subjectLIABILITY
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES
dc.subjectMARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectMIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMOST FAVORED NATION
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
dc.subjectMUTUAL RECOGNITION
dc.subjectMUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectNON-TARIFF BARRIERS
dc.subjectOIL IMPORTS
dc.subjectPARTICULAR COUNTRIES
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL MARGINS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL RATES
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TARIFFS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TRADE
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TREATMENT
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROLS
dc.subjectPRICE SUPPORTS
dc.subjectPROTECTION MEASURES
dc.subjectPROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPROTECTIONISM
dc.subjectQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
dc.subjectRATES OF PROTECTION
dc.subjectREGIONAL INTEGRATION
dc.subjectREGIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectRULES OF ORIGIN
dc.subjectSAFEGUARD ACTIONS
dc.subjectSAFEGUARD MEASURES
dc.subjectSAFETY STANDARDS
dc.subjectSPECIAL SAFEGUARD
dc.subjectTARIFF BINDINGS
dc.subjectTARIFF DATA
dc.subjectTARIFF DISPERSION
dc.subjectTARIFF EQUIVALENTS
dc.subjectTARIFF ESCALATION
dc.subjectTARIFF LINE
dc.subjectTARIFF LINES
dc.subjectTARIFF QUOTA
dc.subjectTARIFF QUOTAS
dc.subjectTARIFF RATE
dc.subjectTARIFF RATES
dc.subjectTARIFF REDUCTION
dc.subjectTARIFF SCHEDULE
dc.subjectTARIFF SCHEDULES
dc.subjectTARIFF STRUCTURE
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTAX LIABILITY
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTECHNICAL BARRIERS
dc.subjectTRADE BARRIERS
dc.subjectTRADE DATA
dc.subjectTRADE DISCIPLINES
dc.subjectTRADE DIVERSION
dc.subjectTRADE IN SERVICES
dc.subjectTRADE OPENNESS
dc.subjectTRADE PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectTRADE POLICIES
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE REGIME
dc.subjectTRADE REGIMES
dc.subjectTRADE REMEDIES
dc.subjectTRADE REMEDY
dc.subjectTRADE REMEDY MEASURES
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectUNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
dc.subjectUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectUNILATERAL PREFERENCES
dc.subjectURUGUAY ROUND
dc.subjectVALUE ADDED
dc.subjectVOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS
dc.subjectWORLD PRICES
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO
dc.titleDeveloping Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

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