Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

Michalopoulos, Constantine; Ng, Francis

Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

Autores

Michalopoulos, Constantine

Ng, Francis

Editor

World Bank, Washington, DC

Descripción

The study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures have declined significantly over time in both developed and developing countries. Second, the instruments of protection used by developed and developing countries are becoming increasingly similar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are the instruments of choice for all except low-income developing countries. Third, agriculture is the main sector where developing countries face access problems in OECD markets. Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements are both a result and a cause of the lack of progress in multilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basic World Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation and thus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system and a potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration. Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade are being increasingly used by both developed and developing countries but their protective intent is difficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance, transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are not being used as a means of protection of economic interests. Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area where efforts for further liberalization are needed and may produce significant benefits. And seventh, far less additional protection has been put in place following the 2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared or what had happened in earlier crises.

Palabras clave

ADVERSE EFFECTS, ADVERSE IMPACT, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURE, ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS, ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES, ANTIDUMPING, ANTIDUMPING DATABASE, ANTIDUMPING MEASURES, APPLIED TARIFF, AVERAGE TARIFF, AVERAGE TARIFFS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BARRIERS TO TRADE, CAPITAL GOODS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITION POLICY, CONSUMER GOODS, CONSUMERS, COUNTRY MARKETS, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS UNION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS, DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIMINISHING RETURNS, DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES, DOMESTIC INDUSTRY, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOMESTIC PRICE, DOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS, DOMESTIC PRODUCERS, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC TAXES, DUMPING, DURABLE, DURABLE GOODS, DUTY DRAWBACK, ECONOMIC CRISIS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EMERGING ECONOMIES, EPZ, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE CONTROL, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPORT FINANCING, EXPORT INCENTIVES, EXPORT LICENSING, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORT PRICE, EXPORT PRICES, EXPORT PROCESSING, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES, EXPORT PROHIBITIONS, EXPORT PROMOTION, EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES, EXPORT QUOTAS, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORT SUBSIDY, EXPORT TAXES, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXTERNALITIES, FINAL GOODS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FOOD PRICES, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FOREIGN FINANCING, FOREIGN MARKETS, FOREIGN SUPPLIERS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AREA, GDP, GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, GLOBAL INTEGRATION, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, HIGH TRADE BARRIERS, IMPORT CONTROLS, IMPORT LICENSING, IMPORT PROHIBITIONS, IMPORT PROTECTION, IMPORT REGIME, IMPORTS, INCOME, INCOME GROUP, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME LEVEL, INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADING, INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, LDCS, LEVIES, LEVY, LIABILITY, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES, MARKET ACCESS, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MOST FAVORED NATION, MULTILATERAL SYSTEM, MULTILATERAL TRADE, MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, MUTUAL RECOGNITION, MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, OIL IMPORTS, PARTICULAR COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL MARGINS, PREFERENTIAL RATES, PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, PRICE CONTROLS, PRICE SUPPORTS, PROTECTION MEASURES, PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROTECTIONISM, QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS, RATES OF PROTECTION, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REGIONAL TRADE, RULES OF ORIGIN, SAFEGUARD ACTIONS, SAFEGUARD MEASURES, SAFETY STANDARDS, SPECIAL SAFEGUARD, TARIFF BINDINGS, TARIFF DATA, TARIFF DISPERSION, TARIFF EQUIVALENTS, TARIFF ESCALATION, TARIFF LINE, TARIFF LINES, TARIFF QUOTA, TARIFF QUOTAS, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATES, TARIFF REDUCTION, TARIFF SCHEDULE, TARIFF SCHEDULES, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TAX, TAX LIABILITY, TAXATION, TECHNICAL BARRIERS, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DATA, TRADE DISCIPLINES, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE IN SERVICES, TRADE OPENNESS, TRADE PERFORMANCE, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE REGIME, TRADE REGIMES, TRADE REMEDIES, TRADE REMEDY, TRADE REMEDY MEASURES, TRANSPARENCY, UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES, UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION, UNILATERAL PREFERENCES, URUGUAY ROUND, VALUE ADDED, VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS, WORLD PRICES, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO