Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
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Although many studies have explored the
impacts of political quotas for females, often with
ambiguous results, the underlying mechanisms and long-term
effects have received little attention. This paper uses
nation-wide data from India spanning a 15-year period to
explore how reservations affect leader qualifications,
service delivery, political participation, local
accountability, and individuals willingness to contribute
to public goods. Although leader quality declines and
impacts on service quality are often negative, gender quotas
are shown to increase the level and quality of women's
political participation, the ability to hold leaders to
account, and the willingness to contribute to public goods.
Key effects persist beyond the reserved period and impacts
on females often materialize only with a lag.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACTIVE PARTICIPATION, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, ANTENATAL CARE, ANTENATAL COVERAGE, BREASTFEEDING, BY ELECTION, CANDIDATES, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CITIZEN, CONSTITUENCIES, CONSTITUENCY, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CORRUPTION, CRIME, CRIMES, CULTURAL CHANGE, DECISION MAKING, DEMOCRACIES, DEMOCRACY, DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIRECT DEMOCRACY, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASES, DOCTORS, DOMINANCE, DRINKING WATER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ELECTION, ELECTIONS, EMPOWERMENT, EQUALITY, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FASHION, FEMALE, FEMALES, FRANCHISE, GENDER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAPS, GENDER INEQUALITY, GIRL CHILDREN, HEALTH WORKERS, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN POTENTIAL, HUSBANDS, IMMUNIZATION, INEQUALITIES, INHERITANCE, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAWS, LEGISLATION, LEGISLATORS, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, MARITAL STATUS, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MODERNIZATION, NATIONAL COUNCIL, NATIONAL LEVELS, NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, OCCUPATION, PARLIAMENT, PARLIAMENTARIANS, PERI-NATAL CARE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY MAKING, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL DECISION, POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL PROCESS, POLITICAL PROCESSES, POLITICAL SYSTEM, PRE-NATAL CARE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PROGRESS, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY, REPRESENTATIVES, RESPECT, RETAIL MARKET, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE PROVISION, SERVICE QUALITY, SEX, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATE UNIVERSITY, SUFFRAGE, VILLAGE LEVEL, VILLAGES, VIOLENCE, VOTER TURNOUT, VOTING PATTERNS, WILL, WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT