Shaping the Future : A Long-Term Perspective of People and Job Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa
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Washington, DC
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The objective of this study is to
provide a long-term perspective for the ongoing policy
dialogue on the management of labor migration in Europe and
the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. It is
organized as follows. Chapter one puts the report and
migration in the context of the economic and social
development in MENA countries. Chapter two provides the
historical context of MENA migration patterns and an
overview of the presence and skill characteristics of
migrants in Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) countries today. This chapter also
discusses the potential for insourcing, that is, migration
of jobs into the region as an alternative or complement to
labor migration. Chapter three analyzes the demand and
supply framework for migration, the determinants of
migration patterns, and the potential demand for labor in
the European Union (EU), and the characteristics and trends
of MENA labor supply. Chapter four looks to the worldwide
impact of demographic and labor force developments in the
decades ahead and their implications on labor and job
mobility. The chapter analyzes the likely population and
labor force growth in Europe and MENA, the challenges this
growth poses, and the scope for demographic arbitrage
between the two regions. This chapter provides the basis for
the fifth and concluding chapter. Chapter five covers the
institutional setup and the various economic and social
protection policies and practices worldwide that have a
strong and positive bearing on migration flows and presents
a conceptual framework on both the labor and job sending and
receiving sides that can be used by policy makers to
articulate, defend, and implement a collaborative approach
to the challenges ahead.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, ADULT POPULATION, AGE GROUP, AGGREGATE INCOME, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, ASYLUM, ASYLUM POLICIES, ATTRITION, AVERAGE EDUCATION LEVEL, BRAIN DRAIN, CLIMATE CHANGE, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, DECLINES IN FERTILITY, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DISPLACEMENT, DISSEMINATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, EDUCATED MIGRANTS, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT SITUATION, FAMILY FORMATION, FAMILY REUNIFICATION, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER PEOPLE, FLOW OF MIGRANTS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN LABOR, FOREIGN WORKERS, FUTURE GROWTH, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, GLOBAL WORKFORCE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH ILLITERACY RATES, HOME COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION COUNTRIES, IMMIGRATION POLICIES, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL POLICY, INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES, INTERNATIONALIZATION, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, IRREGULAR MIGRANTS, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, JOB COUNSELING, JOB CREATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB VACANCIES, JOB VACANCY, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR EXPLOITATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE GROWTH, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR FORCES, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET NEEDS, LABOR MARKET REFORMS, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCIES, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING STANDARDS, LONG-TERM RESIDENTS, LONGER LIFE, LOW FERTILITY, LOW LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LOWER FERTILITY, MANPOWER, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MIGRANT, MIGRANT LABOR, MIGRANT POPULATIONS, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICIES, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION STATISTICS, MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS, MOBILITY OF LABOR, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL BOUNDARIES, NATIONALS, NATIVE WORKERS, NATURAL DISASTERS, NET EMPLOYMENT, NURSES, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, OLD-AGE, PENSIONS, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION INCREASE, POPULATION MOVEMENTS, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIME EXAMPLE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR JOB, PROGRESS, PROTECTED INDUSTRIES, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY OF LIFE, REAL WAGES, REASONABLE ASSUMPTIONS, RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, REFUGEE, REFUGEES, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REPLACEMENT WORKERS, RESPECT, RETIREMENT, RETURN MIGRATION, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, SAFETY NETS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY LEVELS OF EDUCATION, SERVICE SECTOR, SIGNIFICANT POLICY, SKILL LEVEL, SKILL SHORTAGES, SKILL STRUCTURE, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED MANPOWER, SKILLED MIGRANTS, SKILLED PERSONNEL, SKILLED WORKER, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLED WORKFORCE, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CONFLICT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL TENSIONS, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATE PLANNING, SUPPLIERS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TERRORIST, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL LABOR FORCE, TRAINING CENTERS, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRANSPORTATION, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, WAR, WARS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, WORLD POPULATION, XENOPHOBIA, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH ILLITERACY, YOUTH ILLITERACY RATE