Soil Endowments, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Deficit of Women in India
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Differences in relative female
employment by soil texture are used to explain the
heterogeneous deficit of female children across districts
within India. Soil texture varies exogenously and determines
the depth of land tillage. Deep tillage, possible in loamy
but not in clayey soil textures, reduces the demand for
labor in agricultural tasks traditionally performed by
women. Girls have a lower economic value where female labor
opportunities are fewer. Consistently, higher relative
female employment in agriculture improves the ratio of
female to male children in districts that have a smaller
fraction of loamy relative to clayey soils.
Palabras clave
AGE AT MARRIAGE, AGE GROUP, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL LABOR, AGRICULTURAL LABORERS, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, AGRONOMY, ALKALINE SOILS, ANIMALS, ARABLE SOILS, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CLIMATE, COMPENSATION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CROP, CROP MANAGEMENT, CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP YIELD, CROP YIELDS, CROPPING, CROPPING PATTERNS, CROPS, CULTIVATED LAND, CULTURAL CHANGE, CULTURAL PRACTICES, DECLINE IN FERTILITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS, DISCRIMINATION, DIVISION OF LABOR, DRAINAGE, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMICS, ECOSYSTEM, EDUCATED MOTHERS, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EQUIPMENT, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXCLUSION RESTRICTION, FALLOWING, FAO, FARM, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE MORTALITY, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY RATES, FERTILIZER, FEWER BIRTHS, FEWER WOMEN, FOREST, GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT, GENDER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER NORMS, GENDER ROLES, HARVESTERS, HARVESTING, HARVESTING EQUIPMENT, HETEROGENEITY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMMIGRANTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INHERITANCE, IRRIGATION, KINSHIP, KINSHIP STRUCTURE, LABOR BUREAU, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR INTENSITIES, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABORERS, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING, LANDS, LIVESTOCK, LOWER FERTILITY, MALE PARTICIPATION, MALE WORKERS, MIGRATION, OPEN ACCESS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PESTICIDE, PLOWING, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION GROUPS, POPULATION STUDIES, POULTRY, PRE-NATAL SEX SELECTION, PROGRESS, PUBLIC POLICY, RATIO OF WOMEN, RICE, RICE CULTIVATION, RIVER, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL WORKERS, SEX, SEX RATIO, SEX RATIOS, SHIFTING CULTIVATION, SOIL, SOIL FERTILITY, SOIL QUALITY, SOIL TYPE, SOILS, SON PREFERENCE, SOWING, SOWING EQUIPMENT, SPECIES, STATUS OF WOMEN, TEA, TILLAGE, TILLERS, TOTAL WORKERS, TRANSPLANTING, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTER, URBANIZATION, WAR, WEEDS, WHEAT, WOMAN, WOOD, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKERS, YIELDS