Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The financial crisis that hit the global
market in the middle of 2008 gave way to the sharpest
contraction of the European economies since the Great
Depression. In 2009 the economic output in the countries of
the European Union shrank 4.5 percent, the largest reduction
in GDP since its creation. Since then, the economies have
slowly recovered, but unemployment has continued to rise,
reaching 11 percent in 2013, up from 7.1 percent in 2008.
The economy of the European Union shrank 4.5 percent, the
largest reduction in its GDP since the Union s creation.
Furthermore, for the European Union as a whole, long-term
unemployment among 15- to 64-year-olds has increased from
37.2 percent in 2008 to 47.5 percent of total unemployment
in 2013. In several countries more than half of those
unemployed are long-term unemployed, that is, they have been
looking for jobs for more than 12 months. In Greece and
Bulgaria the share of long-term unemployed in 2013 was 67.5
percent and 57.3 percent, respectively. Youth unemployment,
on the other hand, has increased almost 8 percent since
2008, reaching 23.3 percent in 2013 in the EU-28 countries.
In Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, around a fourth of 15- to
24-year-olds are unemployed; in Greece close to 60 percent
of youth were unemployed in 2013. Long spells of
unemployment expose individuals to impoverishment. They can
also lead to deterioration of skills and detachment from the
labor market. Youth unemployment is particularly concerning
as it risks damaging longer-term employment prospects for
young people, leading them to face higher risks of exclusion
and poverty. Youth unemployment also has growth implications
as a generation of educated and productive people are not
working at their potential. Finally, very high levels of
youth unemployment for long periods of time can become a
threat to social stability.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ACTIVE LABOR, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, AGE GROUP, AGE GROUPS, BABY, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, BENEFICIARIES, CAPITAL FORMATION, CHILD CARE, CHILD-CARE, CITIZENS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISABILITY, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, DISSEMINATION, EARLY RETIREMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, ECONOMIC RECOVERY, ECONOMIC RISKS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, EXPENDITURES, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FORMULATION OF POLICIES, FUTURES, GENDER GAP, GLOBAL MARKET, GOVERNMENT BUDGETS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME SUPPORT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, INVESTING, JOB CREATION, JOB LOSSES, JOB SEARCH, JOB-SEEKERS, JOBS, KIDS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS, LABOR MARKET INDICATORS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKET POLICY, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR LAW, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MARKET POLICY, LABOUR OFFICE, LEGAL STATUS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING CONDITIONS, LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT, LOW BIRTH RATE, MALE PARTICIPATION, MARKET ANALYSIS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET DEVELOPMENTS, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET EXCLUSION, MARKET INTEGRATION, MARKETING, MATERNITY BENEFITS, MATERNITY LEAVE, MIGRANT, MIGRATION, MINISTRY OF LABOUR, OLD-AGE, OLD-AGE PENSION, OLD-AGE PENSIONS, OLDER PEOPLE, OLDER WORKERS, PENSION, PENSIONS, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POPULATION DECREASE, POPULATION GROUPS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIOR WORK EXPERIENCE, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, RESPECT, RETIREMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL WOMEN, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL INCLUSION, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL REASONS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, STANDARD OF LIVING, STATE UNIVERSITY, TAX, TEENAGERS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT, TRUST FUNDS, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED ADULTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND, UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCTION, URBANIZATION, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VULNERABILITY, WORK FORCE, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, WORKING-AGE POPULATIONS, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG MOTHERS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT