Koninginins and related octaketides from Trichoderma and other fungi: chemical diversity and biological activities.
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Koninginins and their derivatives represent a structurally diverse class of octaketides with notable biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiophidic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic properties, and potential for regulating plant growth. Originally discovered in 1989 with the isolation of koninginin A by Cutler and colleagues, numerous structural variants, such as koningiopisins, trichoketides, trichodermatides, and trichodermaketones have since been identified. While predominantly produced by Trichoderma species, koninginins have also been reported in other fungi, including basidiomycetes (Pholiota) and ascomycetes (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Diaporthe). This review systematically compiles and analyzes over 80 compounds described between 1989 and 2024, focusing on their structural skeletons, cyclization patterns, functionalization, stereochemistry, nomenclature, biosynthesis, and biological activities. The findings provide perspectives for future research on this promising class of fungal polyketides.
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Koninginin, Chemodiversity, Biological activities, Trichoderma, Fungo, Polyketides, Biosynthesis, Trichoderma koningii