Competitive Cities : Reshaping the Economic Geography of Romania
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Washington, DC
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This document examines the geographic
distribution of employed individuals across Romania, the
implications, and recommendations. Under optimal conditions,
cities concentrate economic resources and human talent in a
virtuous cycle of increasing urbanization that generates a
diverse range of opportunities, enabling people to find
better-paying jobs, companies to recruit employees with the
right set of skills, and capital and ideas to flow across
space more efficiently. The benefits of agglomeration kick
in rapidly, increasing the attraction of cities as living
and working spaces. However, in the short term, uneven
development across regions is both a normal and an
inevitable phenomenon. Regrettably, many policymakers tend
to resist growing internal divergence, trying to
artificially spread the benefits of growth evenly across
space. In practice, however, such policies rarely have the
intended effects, often wasting resources and slowing down
the economy. The basic solution for lagging areas is instead
to connect people living there to opportunities in growing
cities and offer them access to basic infrastructure for
encouraging short-term working mobility and discouraging
depopulation/ peremptory migration in favor of intra- and
inter-county commuting. In the long run, convergence in
living standards will occur as benefits from leading areas
spill over to surrounding communities and people who had
left lagging areas bring back capital, jobs, and ideas.
Palabras clave
ACCESSIBILITY, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIRPORT, AIRPORTS, AUTOMOBILES, BACKBONE, BASIC EDUCATION, BIKE PATHS, BRIDGE, BUS, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CAR, CARPENTERS, CARS, CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES, CITY POPULATION, CLERKS, COMMODITIES, COMPETITIVENESS, CONNECTIVITY, CONSUMERS, CYCLE OF POVERTY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DISCRIMINATION, DOG WALKERS, DRIVERS, DRIVING, DRIVING TIME, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC EXPANSION, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ECONOMIC THEORY, ECOSYSTEM, ELECTRIC CARS, ELECTRICITY, EMPLOYMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORTS, FARES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FEWER PEOPLE, FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY, FLOWS OF PEOPLE, FORMAL EDUCATION, FREIGHT TRAFFIC, FUEL, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL MARKET, GLOBAL MARKETS, GLOBALIZATION, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH THEORY, HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH-SPEED RAIL, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAYS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLITERACY, ILLITERACY RATE, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INNOVATION, INNOVATIONS, INVESTMENT IN ROADS, KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRIES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR STATISTICS, LARGE CITIES, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCALIZATION, MANUFACTURING, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKETING, MEANS OF TRANSPORT, MEDICAL DEVICES, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MINORITY, MOBILITY, MODAL SPLIT, MOTORWAY NETWORK, MOTORWAYS, MULTIPLIER EFFECT, NATIONAL BORDERS, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATIONAL EXPENDITURES, NATIONAL POPULATION, NETWORK OF BIKE PATHS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NURSES, O&M, OCCUPATIONS, PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT, PASSENGER RAIL, PASSENGER TRANSPORT, PASSENGER-KILOMETER, PASSENGERS, PATENTS, PEDESTRIAN, PEDESTRIAN AREAS, PEDESTRIAN PATHS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PHYSICAL GOODS, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION DECLINE, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION INCREASES, POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, PROGRESS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, PUBLIC UTILITY, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF LIFE, R&D, RAIL, RAIL ACCESS, RAIL CONNECTIONS, RAIL FREIGHT, RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE, RAIL NETWORK, RAIL TRAFFIC, RAILWAY, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESPECT, RESULT, RESULTS, RICHER COUNTRIES, RING ROAD, ROAD, ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE, ROAD NETWORK, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, SANITATION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE, SHORT SUPPLY, SILICON, SKILLED WORKERS, SOFTWARE PROGRAMS, SPILLOVER, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, SUBURBS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, TAXATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE POLICIES, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, TRAMWAY, TRANSIT, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT MODES, TRANSPORT NETWORK, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRUE, UNEMPLOYED, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTER, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBANISM, URBANIZATION, USES, VEHICLE, VICIOUS CYCLE, WAGE DISTRIBUTION, WAGES, WAR, WOMAN, WORKFORCE