Financing Environmental Services in Developing Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Current international financing
(primarily ODA) for environmental services in developing
countries is very roughly estimated to be upwards of $21
billion annually (not including climate change financing),
but additional resources on the order of tens, if not
hundreds, of billions of dollars are needed. In 2009,
environmental ODA was estimated at $18 billion with a few
billion more delivered through philanthropic and
market-based financing channels. Although there are only a
few studies of the additional financing needed, and those
are relatively narrow in scope, the estimates that are
available clearly indicate that significantly higher levels
of finance still need to be reached. Additionally, the
impacts of environmental finance on environmental
sustainability and development objectives are poorly
understood. Systematic reviews of previous experience, and
standardized monitoring in the future, would support the
countries and projects monitored, while also providing
important lessons for the broader development and
environment communities.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ADVERSE SELECTION, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AIR POLLUTION, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, AUCTIONS, AUDITING, AUTONOMY, BENEFICIARY, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BOND, BORROWING, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITALIZATION, CARBON, CARBON TAXES, CASH INFLOWS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMPLIANCE COSTS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONSERVATION FINANCE, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CONTRACT DESIGN, CREDIT ANALYSIS, CREDIT ENHANCEMENT, CREDIT EXTENSION, CURRENCY, CURRENCY RISK, DEBT, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, DEBT INVESTMENT, DECISION MAKING, DEFORESTATION, DERIVATIVE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION, DISBURSEMENT, DISCOUNT RATES, DIVERSIFICATION, DONOR SUPPORT, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DECISION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC SYSTEM, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS, EMISSIONS, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, EVALUATION CRITERIA, EXPENDITURE, EXTERNALITIES, FACILITATION, FINANCE MINISTRIES, FINANCES, FINANCIAL COSTS, FINANCIAL EXPERTISE, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, FINANCIAL STRUCTURE, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS, FINANCING SOURCES, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, FISCAL POLICY, FISCAL REFORM, FISHERIES, FIXED INCOME, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FORESTRY, FUNDING SOURCE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, GOVERNMENT POLICY, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, GROUP LENDING, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INITIAL INVESTMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL DEBATE, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, INVESTING, INVESTMENT FUNDS, INVESTMENT INCOME, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY, INVESTMENT STRATEGY, LAND MANAGEMENT, LANDOWNER, LEVY, LOAN, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, MARKET MECHANISMS, MFIS, MICRO-LENDING, MICROCREDIT, MICROFINANCE, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, MONETARY FUND, MORAL HAZARD, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, NET PROFIT, NON-USE VALUES, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PERPETUITY, PLEDGES, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTION CONTROL, PORTFOLIO, PRICE FLOOR, PRIORITY LENDING, PRIVATE FINANCE, PRIVATE FINANCING, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTORS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCE, PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCING, PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT, PROVISIONING, PUBLIC, PUBLIC FUNDS, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC REVENUES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, REDUCING EMISSIONS, REPAYMENT, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, RETURNS, REVENUE COLLECTION, REVENUE SOURCES, RISK MANAGEMENT, RISK MITIGATION, SAVINGS, SEED FUNDING, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOURCE OF FUNDS, SOURCES OF FINANCE, START-UP, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE USE, SWAPS, TAX, TRADABLE PERMITS, TRADING, TRANSACTION, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, TREASURY, TRUST FUND, USE VALUE, USER FEES, UTILITIES, WATER USE, WEALTH CREATION, WELFARE GAINS, WETLANDS