Aggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health

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dc.creatorSchady, Norbert
dc.creatorFerreira, Francisco H.G.
dc.date2012-05-31T19:57:22Z
dc.date2012-05-31T19:57:22Z
dc.date2008-08
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:01:36Z
dc.descriptionDo aggregate economic shocks, such as those caused by macroeconomic crises or droughts, reduce child human capital? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they may transmit poverty from one generation to the next. This paper uses a simple framework to analyze the effects of aggregate economic shocks on child schooling and health. It shows that the expected effects are ambiguous, because of a tension between income and substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent empirical literature on the subject. In richer countries, like the United States, child health and education outcomes are counter-cyclical: they improve during recessions. In poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and school enrollment and nutrition fall during recessions. In the middle-income countries of Latin America, the picture is more nuanced: health outcomes are generally pro-cyclical, and education outcomes counter-cyclical. Each of these findings is consistent with the simple conceptual framework. The paper discusses possible implications for expenditure allocation.
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dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/08/9794819/aggregate-economic-shocks-child-schooling-child-health
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/6790
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4701
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/414382
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper No. 4701
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectABSENTEEISM
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectADOLESCENTS
dc.subjectADULT HEALTH
dc.subjectADULT MORTALITY
dc.subjectAGED
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectBABIES
dc.subjectBREASTFEEDING
dc.subjectBULLETIN
dc.subjectCAPITAL INVESTMENTS
dc.subjectCD
dc.subjectCHILD CARE
dc.subjectCHILD HEALTH
dc.subjectCHILD LABOR
dc.subjectCHILD MORTALITY
dc.subjectCHILD NUTRITION
dc.subjectCHILD SURVIVAL
dc.subjectCIVIL WAR
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION LEVELS
dc.subjectCRISES
dc.subjectCULTURAL CHANGE
dc.subjectDEMAND CURVE
dc.subjectDEPRESSION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDISASTERS
dc.subjectDISCOUNT RATE
dc.subjectDISEASES
dc.subjectEARLY CHILDHOOD
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
dc.subjectECONOMIC CONDITIONS
dc.subjectECONOMIC CRISES
dc.subjectECONOMIC DOWNTURNS
dc.subjectECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectEDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectELDERLY
dc.subjectEPIDEMIOLOGY
dc.subjectESSENTIAL COMMODITIES
dc.subjectEXPECTED RETURNS
dc.subjectEXPECTED VALUE
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectFAMILY MEMBERS
dc.subjectFERTILITY
dc.subjectFINANCIAL CRISIS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR
dc.subjectFUTURE RESEARCH
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGDP PER CAPITA
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectGROWTH RATE
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHEALTH ECONOMICS
dc.subjectHEALTH EFFECTS
dc.subjectHEALTH IMPACTS
dc.subjectHEALTH INDICATORS
dc.subjectHEALTH INVESTMENTS
dc.subjectHEALTH OUTCOMES
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICE
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectHEALTH STATUS
dc.subjectHEALTH STRATEGY
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SIZE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN RESOURCES
dc.subjectHYGIENE
dc.subjectILLITERACY
dc.subjectILLNESS
dc.subjectIMPACT ON HEALTH
dc.subjectINCOME EFFECT
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINFANT
dc.subjectINFANT DEATHS
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY RATE
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY RATES
dc.subjectINTEREST RATE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
dc.subjectINTERVENTION
dc.subjectINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLAM
dc.subjectLATIN AMERICAN
dc.subjectLEVELS OF CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectLIVE BIRTHS
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectLOW BIRTH WEIGHT
dc.subjectMACROECONOMIC EVENTS
dc.subjectMALARIA
dc.subjectMARGINAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectMARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectMARGINAL UTILITY
dc.subjectMEDICINES
dc.subjectMENTAL
dc.subjectMENTAL HEALTH
dc.subjectMORBIDITY
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectMOSQUITO NETS
dc.subjectMOTHER
dc.subjectNATURAL DISASTERS
dc.subjectNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectNUMBER OF CHILDREN
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectNUTRITIONAL STATUS
dc.subjectOBESITY
dc.subjectOLDER AGE GROUPS
dc.subjectOPPORTUNITY COST
dc.subjectPACIFIC REGION
dc.subjectPARENTING
dc.subjectPEDIATRICS
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPLACE OF RESIDENCE
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectPOPULATION CENSUS
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROUPS
dc.subjectPOSITIVE EFFECTS
dc.subjectPREGNANCY
dc.subjectPREGNANT WOMEN
dc.subjectPRENATAL CARE
dc.subjectPREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectPRICE FLUCTUATIONS
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL AGE
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOLING
dc.subjectPROBABILITY
dc.subjectPRODUCTION FUNCTION
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPUBLIC EDUCATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectQUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectREAL WAGES
dc.subjectRECESSION
dc.subjectRICHER COUNTRIES
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSAFETY NETS
dc.subjectSCHOOL ATTENDANCE
dc.subjectSCHOOL QUALITY
dc.subjectSCHOOL YEAR
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOLING
dc.subjectSERVICE UTILIZATION
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSMOKING
dc.subjectSOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectSTATE UNIVERSITY
dc.subjectSUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
dc.subjectSUBSTITUTION EFFECT
dc.subjectTEACHER SALARIES
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT RATE
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectUTILITY FUNCTION
dc.subjectUTILITY MAXIMIZATION
dc.subjectVULNERABILITY
dc.subjectVULNERABLE GROUPS
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKFORCE
dc.subjectYOUNG ADULTS
dc.subjectYOUNG CHILDREN
dc.titleAggregate Economic Shocks, Child Schooling and Child Health

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