China Forest Policy : Deepening the Transition, Broadening the Relationship
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World Bank
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A pattern of forest area loss followed
by a period of reforestation is representative of the forest
transition process. Forest transition has been observed in
many countries and is a feature of the development process.
China reached its inflection point earlier and faster than
most other countries that have gone through the transition.
The report describes the success of reforms to forest
resource tenure in collective forest areas. These reforms,
which collectively amount to the largest transfer of forest
assets in history, have effectively extended forest
ownership to a million, mostly poor, rural households. These
reforms have increased forest-based incomes, have increased
timber harvests, and have done so sustainably by virtue of
increasing planting and forest management and resource
protection effort. The World Bank work in China's
forestry sector has been successful. However, the
developments discussed in this report raise new
opportunities and challenges. It is no longer clear, for
example, that World Bank loans are especially important in
relation to the financing of commercial plantations. While
the Bank has begun to move its plantation financing to
public goods, or ecological plantings, these are other
opportunities. This report brings together findings from
Bank-supported studies with experience gleaned from Bank
support of over $1 billion in forestry projects. Chapter one
introduces the contents and approach of the report. Chapter
two summarizes key data and information of China's
forest sector and resources. Chapter three presents findings
on collective forest tenure reform and chapter four,
potential forest supply. Chapter five concludes with
findings to clarify choices and options available to the
World Bank and China for moving ahead in forestry.
Palabras clave
AFFORESTATION, AGRARIAN LAND REFORM, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURE, ALLOCATION OF LAND, AREA OF FOREST, BAMBOO, BARREN LAND, BASES, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY VALUE, BIRD, BIRD MIGRATION, BREEDING, BURNING, CALCULATION, CANOPY, CARBON, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON SINK, CLEAR CUTTING, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL FORESTS, COMMERCIAL LOGGING, COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE FORESTS, COMMUNITY FOREST, COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT, COMPENSATION PROGRAM, CONSERVATION, CULTIVATED AREA, CULTIVATED LAND, DEFORESTATION, DEMAND FOR TIMBER, DESERTIFICATION, DETERMINANTS, DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY, DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, ETHNIC COMMUNITIES, EXTINCTION, FIELD SURVEY, FIRE PREVENTION, FOREST, FOREST AREA, FOREST AREAS, FOREST AUTHORITIES, FOREST BOUNDARY, FOREST CHANGE, FOREST CLEARING, FOREST COMMUNITIES, FOREST COVER, FOREST COVERAGE, FOREST DATA, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST DEPLETION, FOREST DEVELOPMENT, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST ENTERPRISES, FOREST FIRE, FOREST FIRES, FOREST GROWTH, FOREST HARVESTING, FOREST INDUSTRIES, FOREST INVENTORY, FOREST LAW, FOREST LOGGING, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN, FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS, FOREST OPERATIONS, FOREST OWNERS, FOREST OWNERSHIP, FOREST PEOPLES, FOREST PLANTATION, FOREST PLANTATIONS, FOREST PLOT, FOREST POLICIES, FOREST POLICY, FOREST PRODUCTION, FOREST PROPERTY, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST REFORMS, FOREST REGULATIONS, FOREST RESOURCE, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST RESTORATION, FOREST SECTOR GOVERNANCE, FOREST STOCK, FOREST STRUCTURE, FOREST SUPPLY, FOREST TRANSITION, FOREST TYPE, FOREST TYPES, FOREST USE, FORESTRY, FORESTRY ACTIVITIES, FORESTRY AGENCIES, FORESTRY INDUSTRIES, FORESTRY PLANNING, FORESTRY PROGRAMS, FORESTRY PROJECTS, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTRY STATISTICS, FORESTRY SUBSECTOR, FRESH WATER, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS, GLOBAL FOREST, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT, GRASSLAND, INDUSTRIAL WOOD PRODUCTS, ISSUES, LAND AREA, LAND AREAS, LAND FOR AFFORESTATION, LAND LAW, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND OWNERS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND RIGHTS, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LAND VALUE, LAND-USE, LANDSCAPE, LIVESTOCK, LOGGING, LOGS, MANAGED FORESTS, MATURE FORESTS, MEDICINAL PLANTS, MOUNTAINS, NATIONAL FOREST, NATIONAL FOREST ESTATE, NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY, NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, NATIONAL PARKS, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, NATURAL FOREST, NATURAL FORESTS, NATURE RESERVE, NATURE RESERVES, PASTURE, PLANT, PLANTATION FOREST, PLANTATION FORESTS, PLANTING, RAINFALL, RATES OF DEFORESTATION, REFORESTATION, REGENERATION, RIVER VALLEYS, SOIL EROSION, STATE FOREST, STATE FOREST ADMINISTRATION, STATE FOREST SECTOR, STATE FORESTRY, STATE FORESTRY ADMINISTRATION, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST, TEMPERATURE, TIMBER, TIMBER FOREST, TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS, TIMBER FORESTS, TIMBER HARVEST, TIMBER HARVESTING, TIMBER HARVESTS, TIMBER PLANTATIONS, TIMBER PRODUCTION, TIMBER SUPPLY, TOURISM, TREE, TREE PLANTING, TREE SPECIES, TREES, UNSUSTAINABLE LOGGING, USE OF FORESTS, VEGETATION, VILLAGE FOREST, VILLAGES, WEATHER, WILD ANIMALS, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE PROTECTION, WOOD, WOOD PRODUCTS