Brazil : Evaluating the Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Lowering Transportation Costs
No hay miniatura disponible
Fecha
Autores
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Washington, DC
Resumen
Descripción
This report is designed to provide
policymakers with estimates of the likely outcomes of an
array of potential changes in transportation sector policy.
To this end, the report uses a variety of economy-wide
models to simulate alternative cost reductions and
efficiency improvements. A detailed discussion of the
various policies that may yield efficiency gains and cost
reductions, as well as the specifics of their
implementation, is beyond the scope of the report. The
report is structured to move from a general description of
Brazil's transportation sector to more specific
analyses and simulations of individual and concerted
changes. The first chapter sets the stage by providing a
summary discussion of Brazil's transportation sector
that includes both an overview of its historical development
and a look at the recent evolution of government policies.
In the second chapter, the fiscal and economic effects of
shifts in public investment between alternative and
competing transportation modes (roads, railroads, and
waterways) are simulated using a fixed-price input-output
model. The report's third chapter uses a computable
general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the effects of
cost reductions in land transportation on macroeconomic
variables and income distribution. The fourth chapter uses a
multiregional CGE model to simulate the effects of port
efficiency improvements on regional economic development
(including short- and long-term growth, employment, and
welfare). The fifth chapter uses a similar model to analyze
the national and state-level impacts of two federal highway
projects in the state of Minas Gerais in terms of economic
growth, regional inequalities, employment, and poverty. The
last chapter summarizes the findings and provides
conclusions and recommendations.
Palabras clave
ACCELERATION, ACCIDENT RATES, ACCIDENT REDUCTIONS, ACCIDENTS, ACCOUNTING, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR PASSENGERS, AIRPORTS, ALTERNATIVE MODES, ALTERNATIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, BOTTLENECK, BRIDGE, BUS, COMPETITIVENESS, CONCESSIONS, CONSUMERS, COST OF TRANSPORTATION, COUNTY ROADS, DEBT, DECENTRALIZATION, DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION, DREDGING, ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION, ECONOMIC DEMAND, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC HISTORY, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, ELASTICITIES, ELASTICITY, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORTS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FISCAL POLICIES, FIXED COSTS, FRAMEWORK, FREE TRADE, FREIGHT, FREIGHT COSTS, FREIGHT HANDLING, FREIGHT TRANSPORT, FUEL, GAS, GDP, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GINI COEFFICIENT, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RATE, HEAVY RELIANCE, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAY PROJECT, HIGHWAY PROJECTS, HIGHWAY SYSTEM, HIGHWAYS, IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME LEVELS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEFFICIENCY, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INLAND WATERWAYS, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL PORTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, JOB CREATION, LABOR ALLOCATION, LABOR DISPUTES, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAND TRANSPORTATION, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LONG-DISTANCE, LONG-DISTANCE TRAVEL, MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS, METALLURGY, MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION, MODAL SHARES, MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, MODES OF TRANSIT, MORTALITY, MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, NAVIGATION, OPERATING COSTS, PARKING, PASSENGER, PASSENGERS, PAVED ROADS, PAVING, PORT AUTHORITIES, PORT AUTHORITY, PORT INFRASTRUCTURE, POSITIVE EFFECTS, PRICE LEVELS, PRIVATE OPERATORS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PRIVATIZATION, PRODUCTION COSTS, PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT, PUBLIC UTILITY, RAIL, RAIL CAPACITY, RAIL CONSTRUCTION, RAIL LINES, RAIL NETWORK, RAIL SERVICE, RAIL SYSTEM, RAIL TRANSPORT, RAIL TRANSPORTATION, RAILROAD, RAILROAD COMPANY, RAILROADS, RAILWAY, RAILWAY COMPANIES, RAILWAY LINES, RAILWAY SECTOR, RAILWAY SYSTEMS, RAILWAYS, REAL GDP, REGULATORY AGENCIES, REGULATORY AGENCY, REGULATORY CHANGES, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY SYSTEMS, RETIREMENT, ROAD CONDITIONS, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROAD COSTS, ROAD DETERIORATION, ROAD DEVELOPMENT, ROAD IMPROVEMENT, ROAD IMPROVEMENTS, ROAD LINKS, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD PROJECTS, ROAD SECTOR, ROAD SYSTEM, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROLLING STOCK, ROUTES, SERVANTS, SPEED, SPEEDS, STATE TRANSPORTATION, STEEL, SUBWAY, SUNK COSTS, SUPPLY CHAIN, TAX, TAXATION, TIMBER, TOLLS, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRACK GAUGE, TRADE DIVERSION, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC FLOWS, TRAFFIC SPILLOVER, TRAFFIC VOLUME, TRAFFIC VOLUMES, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT FACILITIES, TRANSPORT LAW, TRANSPORT MODES, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SPECIALISTS, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT VOLUME, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY, TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES, TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITIES, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT, TRANSPORTATION NETWORK, TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS, TRANSPORTATION POLICIES, TRANSPORTATION POLICY, TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS, TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTS, TRAVEL TIME, TRUCKING, TRUCKS, TRUE, UNSKILLED LABOR, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, VALUE ADDED, VARIABLE COSTS, VEHICLE, VEHICLES, WAGES