Equity in Climate Change : An Analytical Review
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How global emissions reduction targets
can be achieved equitably is a key issue in climate change
discussions. This paper presents an analytical framework to
encompass contributions to the literature on equity in
climate change, and highlights the consequences -- in terms
of future emissions allocations -- of different approaches
to equity. Progressive cuts relative to historic levels --
for example, 80 percent by industrial countries and 20
percent by developing countries -- in effect accord primacy
to adjustment costs and favor large current emitters such as
the United States, Canada, Australia, oil exporters, and
China. In contrast, principles of equal per capita
emissions, historic responsibility, and ability to pay favor
some large and poor developing countries such as India,
Indonesia, and the Philippines, but hurt industrial
countries as well as many other developing countries. The
principle of preserving future development opportunities has
the appeal that it does not constrain developing countries
in the future by a problem that they did not largely cause
in the past, but it shifts the burden of meeting climate
change goals entirely to industrial countries. Given the
strong conflicts of interest in defining equity in emission
allocations, it may be desirable to shift the emphasis of
international cooperation toward generating a low-carbon
technology revolution. Equity considerations would then play
a role not in allocating a shrinking emissions pie but in
informing the relative contributions of countries to
generating such a pie-enlarging revolution.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ABATEMENT COSTS, ABILITY TO PAY PRINCIPLE, AGGREGATE CARBON, AGGREGATE EMISSIONS, ALLOWANCE, ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS, AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS, ATMOSPHERE, AVERAGE EMISSIONS, CARBON BUDGET, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON SINK, CERCLA, CLEARING OF FORESTS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM, CLIMATE DAMAGE, CLIMATE POLICY, CO2, CONVERGENCE, CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS, DISTRIBUTION OF EMISSIONS, DOMESTIC CARBON, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC COSTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, ECONOMIC MODELS, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMIC WELFARE, ECONOMICS, EMISSION, EMISSION CUTS, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION TARGETS, EMISSIONS ALLOCATION, EMISSIONS ALLOCATIONS, EMISSIONS CUTS, EMISSIONS ENTITLEMENTS, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS GROWTH, EMISSIONS GROWTH RATE, EMISSIONS INTENSITY, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS MITIGATION, EMISSIONS PATHS, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS RIGHTS, EMPIRICAL BASIS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL, EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS, EQUITY PRINCIPLE, EQUITY PRINCIPLES, FEASIBILITY, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL FLOWS, FOREST, FOREST DEGRADATION, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS, HAZARDOUS WASTE, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, HYDROCARBONS, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, LAND COVER CHANGE, LARGE EMISSIONS, LEVEL OF EMISSIONS, LEVELS OF EMISSIONS, LOW-CARBON, LOWER COSTS, MARGINAL UTILITY, MONETARY FUND, OIL, OIL EXPORTERS, PER CAPITA EMISSION, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLLUTERS, POLLUTION, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PURCHASING POWER, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, QUOTAS, REDUCING EMISSIONS, REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS, SCENARIOS, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, TEMPERATURE, THRESHOLD LEVEL, TIMBER, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TROPICAL FORESTS, UTILITIES, WORLD EMISSIONS, WORLD ENERGY, WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK