Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project : Executive Summary
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Washington, DC
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The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study
evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on
refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the
levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing
human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The
health study estimates the health impacts and associated
monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements
in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be
compared to the costs to the refining industry associated
with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as
presented in Volume II,the Refinery Study
Palabras clave
AIR, AIR CONCENTRATIONS, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANT, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MODELING, AIR QUALITY RESULTING, ALKYLATION UNITS, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, APPROACH, AROMATICS, ASTHMA ATTACKS, AVAILABILITY, BENEFIT ESTIMATES, BENZENE, BENZENE CONTENT, BENZENE EMISSIONS, BENZENE EXPOSURE, BUSES, CAPITAL COSTS, CARS, CATALYTIC CONVERTERS, CETANE INDEX, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN AIR INITIATIVE, CLEAN FUEL, CLEAN FUELS, CLEAN TRANSPORTATION, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE, COMMERCIAL TRUCKS, CONCENTRATIONS, COST-BENEFIT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CRUDE DISTILLATION, CRUDE OIL, DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DESULFURIZATION CAPACITY, DIESEL, DIESEL SULFUR, DIESEL VEHICLES, DISCOUNT RATE, DOMESTIC EMISSIONS, DOMESTIC SOURCES, DRIVERS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ELASTICITIES, ELASTICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION DATA, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSION RATES, EMISSIONS DATA, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS RESULTS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, ENGINES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ETHANOL, FEEDSTOCKS, FREE MARKET, FUEL, FUEL IMPROVEMENTS, FUEL PRICES, FUEL PRODUCTS, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SPECIFICATIONS, FUEL STANDARDS, FUEL SULFUR, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL USE, FUELS, GAS, GASOLINE, GLOBAL RECESSION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HEALTH EFFECTS, HIGHWAY, HYDROCRACKING, HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN PLANT, IMPORTS, IMPORTS OF ETHANOL, INCOME, INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY, INJURIES, INJURY, INSPECTION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOWER DEMAND, LUBRICITY, MARKET CLEARING PRICE, MEDICAL TREATMENT, METEOROLOGY, MONETARY BENEFIT, MONETARY BENEFITS, MONETARY VALUATION, MONETARY VALUE, MONETARY VALUES, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RISK, MOTOR VEHICLES, MOTORCYCLE EMISSIONS, MOTORCYCLE TRAVEL, MOTORCYCLE USE, MOTORCYCLES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, OIL, OIL PRODUCERS, OILS, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PER CAPITA INCOME, PERSONAL VEHICLES, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM DEMAND, PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, PETROLEUM PRODUCT SUPPLY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, POLLUTANT REDUCTIONS, POLLUTION ABATEMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION LEVELS, POPULATION DENSITY, POWER, PRESENT VALUE, PUBLIC HEALTH, QUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS, REFINERY, REFINERY CAPACITY, REFINERY CLOSURES, REFINERY FUEL, REFINERY OPERATIONS, ROAD, ROADS, SCENARIOS, STATIONARY SOURCES, SULFUR, SULFUR CONTENT, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULPHUR, SUPPLY COSTS, TOTAL CONSUMPTION, TOTAL DEMAND, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRANSPORT FUELS, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION FUEL, TRANSPORTATION FUELS, TYPES OF VEHICLES, UNCERTAINTIES, URBAN AIR QUALITY, URBAN AREAS, URBAN TRANSPORT, VEHICLE, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL, VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE FLEET, VEHICLE FLEETS, VEHICLE KILOMETERS, VEHICLE TYPES, VEHICLE USE, VEHICLES, WEALTH