Female Labor Participation in the Arab World : Some Evidence from Panel Data in Morocco
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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Female labor participation in the Arab
world is low compared with the level of economic development
of Arab countries. Beyond anecdotal evidence and
cross-country studies, there is little evidence on what
could explain this phenomenon. This paper uses the richest
set of panel data available for any Arab country to date to
model female labor participation in Morocco. The paper finds
marriage, household inactivity rates, secondary education,
and gross domestic product per capita to lower female labor
participation rates. It also finds that the category urban
educated women with secondary education explains better than
others the low level of female labor participation. These
surprising findings are robust to different estimators,
endogeneity tests, different specifications of the female
labor participation equations, and different sources of
data. The findings are also consistent with previous studies
on the Middle East and North Africa region and on Morocco.
The explanation seems to reside in the nature of economic
growth and gender norms. Economic growth has not been labor
intensive, has generated few jobs, and has not been in
female-friendly sectors, resulting in weak demand for women,
especially urban educated women with secondary education.
And when men and women compete for scarce jobs, men may have
priority access because of employers' and
households' preferences.
Palabras clave
AGE COHORT, CALL, COMPLETION RATES, COUNTRY STUDIES, CREATING JOBS, CULTURAL VALUES, DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIVISION OF LABOUR, DRIVERS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATED MEN, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION VARIABLES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, ENROLLMENT RATES, FAMILY STRUCTURE, FEMALE, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE ENROLLMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, GENDER, GENDER NORMS, GENERAL EDUCATION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBANDS, JOBLESS GROWTH, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKET, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MALE PARTICIPATION, MARITAL STATUS, MARRIAGE AGE, MARRIED COUPLES, MARRIED WOMEN, MOBILITY, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, OLDER WOMEN, PAPERS, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PARTICIPATION RATES, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR FAMILIES, POPULATION STRUCTURE, PREVIOUS STUDIES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PROGRESS, RESPECT, ROLE OF WOMEN, RURAL AREAS, RURAL RESIDENTS, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, STATUS OF WOMEN, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOLERANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNMARRIED WOMEN, URBAN AREAS, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, WAGE GAP, WOMAN, WORK FORCE, WORKERS, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH