Exports, Export Destinations, and Skills
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This paper explores the links between
exports, export destinations and skill utilization by firms.
The authors identify two mechanisms behind these links,
which we integrate into a unified theory of export
destinations and skills. First, exporting to high-income
countries requires quality upgrades that are skill-intensive
(Verhoogen, 2008). Second, exporting in general, and
exporting to high-income destinations in particular,
requires services like distribution, transportation, and
advertising, activities that are also intensive in skilled
labor (Matsuyama, 2007). Both theories suggest a skill-bias
in export destinations: firms that export to high-income
destinations hire more skills and pay higher wages than
firms that export to middle-income countries or that sells
domestically. The authors test the theory using a panel of
manufacturing Argentine firms. The data cover the period
1998-2000 and thus span the Brazilian currency devaluation
of 1999. The authors use the exogenous changes in exports
and export destinations brought about by this devaluation in
a major export partner to identify the causal effect of
exporting and of exporting to high-income countries on skill
utilization. The authors fine that Argentine firms exporting
to high-income countries hired a higher proportion of
skilled workers and paid higher average wages than other
exporters (to non high-income countries) and domestic firms.
Instead, the authors cannot identify any causal effect of
exporting per se on either skill utilization or average wages.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, BILATERAL TRADE, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, COMMODITIES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CONSUMERS, CURRENCY, CURRENCY DEVALUATION, DELIVERY OF GOODS, DEVALUATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DUMMY VARIABLES, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, EFFICIENCY WAGES, EMPLOYMENT, ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORT, EXPORT MARKET, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORT SHARE, EXPORT SHARES, EXPORTER, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXPOSURE, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FIRM PERFORMANCE, FIXED COSTS, FOREIGN MARKETS, FOREIGN TRADE, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS, GLOBALIZATION, HOMOGENEOUS GOODS, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INSTRUMENT, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR TURNOVER, LABOR UTILIZATION, LOCAL MARKETS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL COSTS, MARGINAL UTILITY, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET PENETRATION, MARKET SIZE, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, NEW MARKETS, OPTIMIZATION, OUTPUT, OUTSOURCING, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRICE DISCRIMINATION, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFIT SHARING, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, RETURNS, RETURNS TO SCALE, SEMISKILLED WORKERS, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED WORKERS, TAX, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADING, UNSKILLED LABOR, UNSKILLED WORKERS, UTILITY FUNCTION, VALUATIONS, VALUE ADDED, VARIABLE COST, WAGES