The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity : Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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During Vietnam's two decades of
rapid economic growth, its fertility rate has fallen sharply
at the same time that its educational attainment has risen
rapidly -- macro trends that are consistent with the
hypothesis of a quantity-quality tradeoff in child-rearing.
This paper investigates whether the micro-level evidence
supports the hypothesis that Vietnamese parents are in fact
making a tradeoff between quantity and quality of children.
The paper presents new measures of household investment in
private tutoring, together with traditional measures of
household investments in education. It analyzes data from
the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys and
instruments for family size using the distance to the
nearest family planning center. The estimation results show
that families do indeed invest less in the education of
school-age children who have larger numbers of siblings.
This effect holds for several indicators of educational
investment -- including general education expenditure and
various measures of private tutoring investment -- and is
robust to various definitions of family size and model
specifications that control for community characteristics as
well as the distance to the city center. Finally, the
results suggest that tutoring may be a better measure of
quality-oriented household investments in education than
traditional measures like enrollment, which are arguably
less nuanced and household-driven.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING, ACHIEVEMENT, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT POPULATION, AGE GROUPS, AGE RANGES, AVAILABILITY OF FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, BIRTH CONTROL, BIRTH ORDER, BIRTHS PER WOMAN, BULLETIN, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, CHILDBEARING, CHILDREN PER FAMILY, COLLEGE ENTRANCE, COMMITTEE ON POPULATION, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COMPULSORY SCHOOLING, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, DEMOGRAPHY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, ECONOMIC CHANGE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATED ADULTS, EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, EDUCATION FINANCE, EDUCATION INVESTMENT, EDUCATION OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE, EDUCATIONAL PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, ENROLLMENT, ENTRANCE EXAM, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, EQUITABLE ACCESS, EXAM, EXAM PERFORMANCE, EXTENDED FAMILIES, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, FAMILY SIZE, FAMILY SIZES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FEWER BIRTHS, FEWER CHILDREN, FIRST CHILD, FIRST GRADE, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENERAL EDUCATION, GIRLS, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH FACILITIES, HIGH CHILD MORTALITY, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, HIV, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME INEQUALITY, INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING, INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, KINSHIP, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR SUPPLY, LAM, LEARNING, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LET, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, MAJORITY OF CHILDREN, MARITAL FERTILITY, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNITY CARE, MIGRATION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MOTHER, MOTHERS, NATIONAL COMMITTEE, NEWSLETTER, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUTRITION, OLDER CHILDREN, PAPERS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PARENTS, PEER PRESSURE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION ASSOCIATION, POPULATION CENSUSES, POPULATION CONTROL, POPULATION CONTROL POLICIES, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION POLICIES, POPULATION SUBGROUP, POPULATION SUBGROUPS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOLING, PRIVATE TUTORING, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY SCHOOLS, RADIO, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL VILLAGE, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL CENSUS, SCHOOL COMMUNITY, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOL-AGE, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLING QUALITY, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SECONDARY STUDENTS, SEX, SEX PREFERENCE, SEX-SELECTIVE ABORTION, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SINGLE CHILD, SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SON PREFERENCE, STUDENT TEACHER RATIO, STUDENT-TEACHER RATIOS, TEACHER, TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS, TEACHER QUALITY, TEACHER RATIO, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TELEVISION, TERTIARY LEVEL, TEST SCORES, TRAINING COLLEGE, TUITION, TUTORING, TUTORS, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, UNWANTED BIRTHS, URBAN AREAS, WOMAN, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN, quantity-quality tradeoff