A Qualitative Assessment of Poverty in Ten Areas of Albania
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This qualitative assessment of poverty
in Albania seeks to deepen the understanding of poverty in
the country, first, by involving poor Albanians in a process
of exploring the causes, nature, extent of poverty, and how
it affects their livelihoods. Second, it is intended to
support the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP); third, it supports preparation of the Country
Assistance Strategy (CAS), and the Living Standards
Measurement Survey (LSMS) process; and, fourth, it supports
ongoing research on formal, and informal institutions in the
country that are relevant to poverty, and it identifies as
well, emerging areas of concern. Findings suggest that
poverty in the study sites, developed as a result of a weak
economic base at the beginning of reform (as of 1990),
worsened as the reforms continued, and accelerated during
the 1997 financial crisis. From household interviews, it is
perceived that the causes of poverty are a result of
unemployment, insufficient and low quality of land, absence
of formal institutions, and marketing mechanisms to support
industrial and agricultural development, and, the
government's inability to respond to infrastructure,
and basic needs. The study further examines the factors
depressing, and/or precluding (sector wide) the potential to
compete, sustain livelihoods, attain employment, and receive
economic, and social assistance. And it rightly identifies
the contribution from migrant remittances, accounting for a
significant percentage of GDP. Policy implications spell out
the need to improve administration of social security, and
services, by decentralizing legal and regulatory frameworks,
and equitably mobilizing fiscal revenues.
Palabras clave
POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY EVALUATION METHODS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POVERTY MONITORING, COUNTRY ASSISTANCE STRATEGY, LIVING STANDARDS INDICATORS, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS, REFORM IMPLEMENTATION, REFORM POLICY, FINANCIAL CRISES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, LAND CARRYING CAPACITY, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, MARKETING TECHNIQUES, SECTORAL ASSESSMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC NEEDS, SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, COMPETITIVENESS, LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS, ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, REMITTANCES, MIGRANT WORKERS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, POLICY FORMATION, SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS, SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY, LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, DECENTRALIZATION, FISCAL ADMINISTRATION, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION GAPS, INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT, CIVIL SOCIETY, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENT ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ADOLESCENTS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CASH INCOME, CITIZEN, CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CLEAN WATER, CLINICS, COMMUNITY LEADERS, COMMUNITY LEVEL, COMMUNITY MEMBERS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, CORRUPTION, CRIME, DEBT, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT, ETHNIC GROUP, ETHNIC GROUPS, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FAMILIES, FAMILY RELATIONS, FARMING COMMUNITIES, FIELD RESEARCH, FIELD WORK, FISHERIES, FISHING, FOREIGN INVESTORS, FORMAL INSTITUTIONS, GROUP DISCUSSIONS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HOSPITALS, HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSING, HYGIENE, ILLITERACY, IMPORTS, INFLATION, INFORMAL ACTIVITIES, INFORMAL SECTOR, LAWS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT, LOCAL INSTITUTIONS, LOCAL LEVEL, LOCAL LEVELS, LOCAL OFFICIALS, MALNUTRITION, MANAGERS, MARKET INSTITUTIONS, MARKETING, MARKETING MECHANISMS, MEDICAL FACILITIES, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, PARENTS, POLICY DEVELOPMENT, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLITICAL CONDITIONS, POLITICAL LEADERS, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL SYSTEM, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POWER PLANTS, PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, QUALITATIVE DATA, QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, RELIGIOUS GROUPS, RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, RESEARCH TEAM, RICKETS, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SCHOOLS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE SECTOR, SHORT TERM, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL STUDIES, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNIT, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, VIOLENCE, WATER SUPPLY