Programs Promoting Young Women's Employment
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The World Bank is launching an
initiative aimed at addressing the economic needs of
adolescent girls and young women in poor or post-conflict
countries. Working together with governments, donors,
foundations, and private sector partners, the Bank proposes
to develop and test a core set of promising interventions to
promote the economic empowerment of adolescent girls and
young women. This paper undertakes a review of existing
policies and programs designed to promote labor force
participation of young women in developing countries. While
programs that directly address marriage or fertility can
influence young women's labor force participation, the
focus of this paper is on programs primarily addressing
employment. Some programs for promoting young people's
transition into the labor market take a minimalistic
approach (for example, concentrating on skills training
alone). Other employment programs, particularly those
targeted to young women, simultaneously address multiple
constraints limiting participation (for example, lack of
skills, limited mobility, child care needs, and lack of
sexual and reproductive health information). The goal of
this paper is to unpack and assess what elements of program
design are essential to promoting young women's
transition to the labor market. The paper is organized as
follows: section one gives introduction. Section two
provides an overview of some of the major trends and issues
facing young women in the labor market in an international
context. Section three describes a selection of best
practice programs, some of which are focused exclusively on
employment training and others of which take a more
integrated approach to providing gender-targeted adolescent
services. Section four details the lessons learned from the
implementation and evaluation of these programs, and
considers the circumstances under which a minimalist versus
comprehensive or integrated approach may be most effective.
Section five concludes and summarizes the policy and program recommendations.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ADOLESCENT GIRLS, ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ADOLESCENTS, AGE GROUP, ATTRITION, AVERAGE WAGE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BOTH SEXES, CHILD CARE, CHILDBEARING, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOM TRAINING, COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN, COMMUNITY PROGRAMS, CURRICULA, CURRICULUM, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISABILITY, DISEASES, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DOWNWARD PRESSURE, DRIVERS, DROPOUT, DROPOUT RATES, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, EARLY MARRIAGE, EARNING, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, ECONOMIC MOBILITY, ECONOMIC NEEDS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ELECTRICIANS, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EMPLOYMENT POLICIES, EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITIES, EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM, EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT TRAINING, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATES, ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING, EQUAL ACCESS, EQUAL PARTICIPATION, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE, EXPOSURE TO HEALTH RISKS, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY STRUCTURE, FEMALE PARTICIPANTS, FERTILITY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER INEQUITIES, GENDER ISSUES, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH EDUCATION, HIV, HIV INFECTION, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILL HEALTH, INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERPERSONAL SKILLS, JOB PLACEMENT, JOB SEARCH, JOB SEARCH PROCESS, JOB SKILLS, JOB TRAINING, JOBLESS RATE, JOBS, LABOR COSTS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR MARKET, LACK OF INFORMATION, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, LEADERSHIP, LEGAL RIGHTS, LIFE SKILLS, LITERACY, LIVELIHOOD SKILLS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL EMPLOYERS, LOCAL FIRM, LOCAL FIRMS, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LOCAL LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS, LOW EMPLOYMENT, MALE PARTNERS, MANUAL OCCUPATIONS, MARITAL STATUS, MASS EDUCATION, MINIMUM WAGE, MODERNIZATION, NATIONAL STRATEGIES, NEEDS ASSESSMENT, NEW ENTRANTS, NUTRITION, OCCUPATION, OLD MEN, ON-THE-JOB TRAINING, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PARTICIPATION RATES, PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH DIVISION, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION ASSOCIATION, POPULATION COUNCIL, POPULATION WORK, PREGNANCY, PRIMARY REASON, PRIVATE FIRM, PRIVATE SECTOR, PROGRAM DESIGN, PUBLIC SPHERE, REFERRAL SYSTEMS, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACTIVITIES, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INFORMATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM, RESPECT, SCHOOL YOUTH, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE SECTORS, SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS, SEX, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SEXUAL HEALTH, SEXUALLY ACTIVE, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SKILLS TRAINING, SLUM DWELLERS, SMALL BUSINESS, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL CAPACITY, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TECHNICAL TRAINING, TEEN, TEEN GIRLS, TEEN PREGNANCY, TRADITIONAL SKILLS, TRAINING CENTER, TRAINING CENTERS, TRAINING COURSE, TRAINING COURSES, TRAINING INSTITUTES, TRAINING INSTITUTION, TRAINING INSTITUTIONS, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRAINING SERVICES, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, URBAN WOMEN, VOCATIONAL COURSES, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS, VOCATIONAL SKILLS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM, VULNERABILITY, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG MOTHERS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, YOUTH LABOR, YOUTH TRAINING, YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES