Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Industrial Growth : Case Study of Petrochemical Industry in Kazakhstan
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Revival and development of the
petrochemical industry in Kazakhstan is possible without
serious damage to the environment, so long as measures by
investors in plant revival include best available techniques
(BATs) that avoid and minimize impact on the environment as
a whole.This study was initiated to develop methodologies to
analyze and mitigate key environmental and natural resource
aspects of industrial growth and to propose ways to
integrate these methodologies into policy tools. The
emerging petrochemical industry was selected to demonstrate
how methodology can be applied. The report is structured as
two interrelated tools: Technical guidelines (chapters two
and three) focus on (i) an analysis of availability of
environmental resources in different oblasts; and (ii)
references to internationally BATs in the production of
polymers. These techniques avoid and minimize impact on the
environment as a whole. Policy guidelines (chapters four and
five) focus on policy instruments which would encourage
plant developers to apply the best available techniques when
developing potentially hazardous industrial production in Kazakhstan.
Palabras clave
ABS, ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION, AGRICULTURAL WATER, AIR, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MONITORING, ALUMINUM, ASH, ATMOSPHERE, BACKWASHING, BENZENE, BURNING TIRES, BUTANE, CADMIUM, CALCULATION, CATALYSTS, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CHEMICAL PLANTS, CHEMICAL PROCESSES, CHLORINE, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN WATER, CLEANER AIR, CLIMATE, CO, COAL, COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE, CONCENTRATION LEVELS, CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS, CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, CONSUMER GOODS, CONVEYOR BELTS, COOLING, CRUDE OIL, DECISION MAKING, DUST, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC IMPACTS, EMISSION, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSION FEES, EMISSION INTENSITY, EMISSION LIMIT, EMISSION TRENDS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS DATA, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS OF AIR, EMISSIONS TRENDS, ENVIRONMENT AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, ETHANE, ETHYLENE, EXPOSURE TO POLLUTION, FILTERS, FINE PARTICLES, FISHERIES, FORMALDEHYDE, FRESH WATER, FRESHWATER RESOURCES, GAS, GASES, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, GROUNDWATER SOURCES, HARMFUL SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS WASTE, HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT, HAZARDOUS WASTE STORAGE, HAZARDOUS WASTES, HEALTH DAMAGES, HEALTH RISKS, HEAVY METALS, HISTORICAL EMISSIONS, HUMAN HEALTH, HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, HYDROCARBONS, INCINERATION, INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES, INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, INDUSTRIAL SITES, INDUSTRIAL WASTE, INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER, INDUSTRIAL WATER, IRRIGATION, LANDFILLS, LEVELS OF EMISSIONS, LIME, LIQUID WASTES, MARKET PRICES, MERCURY, METAL, METHANOL, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITROGEN, NO2, NOX, OIL, OIL PRODUCTS, OIL REFINERIES, OIL SECTOR, ORGANIC SOLVENTS, OXYGEN, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PE, PERVERSE INCENTIVES, PETROCHEMICAL, PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY, PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS, PETROCHEMICALS, PLANT DESIGN, PLANT OPERATIONS, PLASTIC PIPES, PLASTICS, PM10, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, POLYETHYLENE, POLYMERIZATION, POLYMERS, POLYPROPYLENE, POLYSTYRENE, POND, PONDS, PP, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION OUTPUT, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PROPANE, PYROLYSIS, QUALITY STANDARDS, QUALITY WATER, RADIOACTIVE WASTE, REAGENTS, RECEIVING WATERS, RECYCLING, RESOURCE USE, RISK ASSESSMENT, RIVERS, RUNOFF, SANITATION, SEAWATER, SLUDGE, SO2, SOIL POLLUTION, SOLID WASTE, SOLVENT, SOLVENTS, STATIONARY SOURCES, STORM WATER, SULFUR, SULPHUR, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE WATERS, SUSPENDED DUST, SUSPENDED PARTICLES, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TEMPERATURE, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TOXICITY, VOC, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WASHING, WASTE DISPOSAL, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WASTE PRODUCTION, WASTE TREATMENT, WASTEWATER, WASTEWATER DISCHARGE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTEWATERS, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER BODIES, WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER POLLUTANTS, WATER POLLUTION, WATER QUALITY, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SUPPLY