The Labor Content of Exports Database

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dc.creatorCali, Massimiliano
dc.creatorFrancois, Joseph
dc.creatorHollweg, Claire H.
dc.creatorManchin, Miriam
dc.creatorOberdabernig, Doris Anita
dc.creatorRojas-Romagosa, Hugo
dc.creatorRubinova, Stela
dc.creatorTomberger, Patrick
dc.date2016-04-26T17:05:27Z
dc.date2016-04-26T17:05:27Z
dc.date2016-03
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:48:03Z
dc.descriptionThis paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/03/26137986/labor-content-exports-database
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/24156
dc.identifier10.1596/1813-9450-7615
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/411195
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 7615
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectCOUNTRY COMPARISONS
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectMULTIPLIERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTION
dc.subjectLAGS
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINDUSTRY
dc.subjectGDP PER CAPITA
dc.subjectINFORMATION
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectWATER SUPPLY
dc.subjectSERVICES
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT
dc.subjectTRADE FLOWS
dc.subjectSEWAGE
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectJOB
dc.subjectGROSS VALUE
dc.subjectEFFECTS
dc.subjectMIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectSERVANTS
dc.subjectVARIABLES
dc.subjectLABOR COMPENSATION
dc.subjectINPUTS
dc.subjectSAVING
dc.subjectVALUE OF OUTPUT
dc.subjectRENTS
dc.subjectTRENDS
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTION PROCESS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR COSTS
dc.subjectEXPORT GROWTH
dc.subjectTELECOMMUNICATIONS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectWORKER
dc.subjectDOMESTIC INPUTS
dc.subjectOUTPUTS
dc.subjectPREVIOUS STUDIES
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectTOTAL WAGES
dc.subjectMARKETS
dc.subjectWTO
dc.subjectORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectDIRECT VALUE
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectLABOR
dc.subjectTOTAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectTRADE AGREEMENT
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectTRADE MODEL
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
dc.subjectSKILL GROUPS
dc.subjectAVERAGE WAGES
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectVALUE ADDED
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectPOLICIES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectEXPORT COMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectLABOR DEMAND
dc.subjectVALUE
dc.subjectAVERAGE WAGE
dc.subjectEXPORT PRODUCTION
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectBANK
dc.subjectCLERKS
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES
dc.subjectDEMAND
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectNATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectNOMINAL WAGES
dc.subjectPRIVATE SERVICES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectECONOMY
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET OUTCOMES
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectSHARES
dc.subjectLABOR INTENSITIES
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectLABOR VALUE
dc.subjectPRODUCTION FUNCTION
dc.subjectECONOMIC SYSTEMS
dc.subjectSKILLED LABOR
dc.subjectREGRESSION ANALYSIS
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectTRADE DATA
dc.subjectEXPORT SECTOR
dc.subjectTRADE
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGOODS
dc.subjectLAND
dc.subjectTHEORY
dc.subjectGLOBAL TRADE
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
dc.subjectSECURITY
dc.subjectBILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectINVESTMENT
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectLABORERS
dc.subjectSUPPLY
dc.subjectLABOR INTENSITY
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectUNSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectTOTAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectSUPPLIERS
dc.subjectECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
dc.subjectLABOR OFFICE
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectOUTCOMES
dc.subjectUNSKILLED LABOR
dc.subjectMIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLABOR SHARE
dc.subjectPRICES
dc.subjectECONOMIES
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectEMPLOYEES
dc.titleThe Labor Content of Exports Database
dc.typeWorking Paper
dc.typeDocument de travail
dc.typeDocumento de trabajo

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