Does MENA's Governance Lead to Spatial Agglomeration and Disparities?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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In this paper the author analyze the
link between spatial agglomeration, spatial disparities and
political governance with an emphasis on the Middle East and
North Africa (MENA) region. The agglomeration index and the
urban-rural consumption ratio are used respectively as a
measurement of spatial agglomeration and spatial
disparities. The author distinguishes two aspects of
political governance: political rights and political
stability. Statistically, we find that agglomeration rate is
higher in MENA, whereas the indexes of political rights and
political stability are lower in MENA compared to the rest
of the world and other lower middle income countries. When
running the regressions, the data better fit the
agglomeration model than the urban-rural consumption ratio
model. Using cross-sectional data for 182 countries around
the world, the author find that the political rights index
is negatively and significantly linked to the agglomeration
rate. Our results suggest that an improvement in MENA
countries' level of political rights to the average of
the rest of the world would be associated with agglomeration
rate 4 percentage points lower than its average level in the
region. The data also reveal an inverted-U relationship
between the agglomeration rate and Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita, and a negative relationship between trade
openness and the agglomeration rate.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTABILITY, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, AVERAGE LEVEL, AVERAGE PERFORMANCE, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CITIZENS, COMPETITIVENESS, COUNTRY CLASSIFICATION, COUNTRY SIZE, CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS, CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA, CULTURAL CHANGE, DATA SET, DEBT, DECENTRALIZATION, DEMOCRACY, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC HISTORY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC REVIEW, ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, EMPIRICAL LITERATURE, EXPLANATORY FACTORS, EXPLANATORY VARIABLE, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, FAMILY PLANNING, FERTILITY, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, GOVERNANCE QUALITY, HIGH GROWTH, HIV, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCREASING RETURNS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEQUALITY, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVENTORIES, INVERTED-U RELATIONSHIP, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, JOB CREATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOUR FORCE, LAND TENURE, LARGE POPULATION, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOW INCOME, LOW INCOME COUNTRIES, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MEAN VALUE, MEASUREMENT ERRORS, MEDIAN VOTER, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MIGRATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EFFECT, NEGATIVE LINK, NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP, NUTRITION, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY OPTIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL PROCESS, POLITICAL RIGHTS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, POLITICAL STABILITY, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION SIZE, POSITIVE CORRELATION, POSITIVE EFFECT, PRIMATE CITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC POLICIES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SERVICES, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, REGIONAL GROWTH, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATIONS, SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SCIENCES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, TAX SYSTEM, TAXATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICY, TRANSPORTATION, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, URBANIZATION RATE