Turkey
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Ankara, World Bank
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Pharmaceuticals are essential to achieve
health outcomes, but are at the same time a major cost
factor in every health system. From a patient perspective,
access to pharmaceuticals is a proxy for the functioning of
the health system. With increasing economic strength,
patients become more demanding with regard to access to
modern, sophisticated drugs and providers become more
aggressive in marketing those drugs. This paper reflects the
situation in the pharmaceutical sector in Turkey, identifies
critical issues, and discusses policy options based on
current trends and the overall policy objectives of the
Turkish government. This paper is structured as follows:
chapter one gives introduction; chapter two gives overall
policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in Turkey;
chapter three presents institutional and regulatory
framework; chapter four presents reimbursement rules;
chapter five focuses on governance issues in the
pharmaceutical sector; chapter six gives market overview;
chapter seven gives payment for pharmaceuticals in Turkey;
chapter eight presents prescribing practices - rational use
of medicines; and chapter nine gives conclusions and way forward.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO PHARMACEUTICALS, AGGRESSIVE, AGING, ANTIBIOTICS, BASIC HEALTH CARE, BRAND, BRAND LOYALTY, BRAND NAME, BRAND NAME DRUGS, BRANDS, BRIBERY, BURDEN OF DISEASE, CHEMISTS, CHRONIC DISEASES, CLINICAL BENEFIT, CLINICAL PRACTICE, CLINICAL TRIALS, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMER PROTECTION, CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, CORRUPTION, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST INCREASE, COUNTERFEIT DRUGS, CRIME, DECISION MAKING, DIAGNOSING, DOCTORS, DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DRUG LAW, DRUG PRICES, EMPLOYMENT, ESSENTIAL DRUGS, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, FRAUD, GENERIC DRUG COMPANIES, GENERIC DRUGS, GENERIC PRODUCTS, GENERIC SUBSTITUTION, GMP, GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES, GREY MARKET, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES, HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH ECONOMICS, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH INSURANCE COMPANIES, HEALTH INSURERS, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STRATEGY, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTHCARE, HEALTHCARE SERVICES, HEROIN, HOSPITALS, ILL PEOPLE, ILLNESS, IMPORTED DRUGS, INCOME, INSURANCE COVERAGE, INTEGRATION, LAWS, LEUKEMIA, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET PRICE, MARKET RESEARCH, MARKET SHARE, MARKETING, MEDICAL SERVICES, MEDICINE, MEDICINES, MINISTRIES OF HEALTH, NARCOTICS, NURSES, NUTRITION, OUTPATIENT SERVICES, PACKAGING, PATENTS, PATIENT, PATIENT EDUCATION, PATIENTS, PAYMENT TERMS, PHARMACEUTICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL CONSUMPTION, PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION, PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS, PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING, PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETS, PHARMACEUTICAL POLICY, PHARMACEUTICAL PRICES, PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING, PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS, PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR, PHARMACEUTICALS, PHARMACIES, PHARMACISTS, PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS, PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES, PHARMACOECONOMICS, PHARMACOLOGISTS, PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACY, PHYSICIAN, PHYSICIANS, PRESCRIPTIONS, PRICE ADJUSTMENTS, PRICE CHANGES, PRICE COMPARISON, PRICE COMPETITION, PRICE INCREASE, PRICE LEVELS, PRICE LIST, PRIMARY CARE, PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE, PRIVATE PHARMACIES, PROCUREMENT, PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HOSPITALS, PURCHASING, QUALITY OF CARE, RATIONAL DRUG USE, RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS, REBATES, REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, RETAIL, RETAIL PHARMACIES, RETAIL PRICE, RETAIL PRICES, SALE, SALES, STOCKS, SUBSTITUTE, SUPPLY CHAIN, SURGERY, TENDERING, THERAPIES, TREATMENT GUIDELINES, TREATMENTS, VISITS, WAREHOUSE, WAREHOUSES, WHOLESALER, WHOLESALERS, WORKERS