Agricultural Education, Science and Modern Technology's Role in Solving the Problems of Global Food Resources in the 21st Century
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The growth of agriculture output over
the past 200 years has been phenomenal. When Malthus wrote
in 1798, he perceived limits on agricultural production as
serious and imminent. Since then world population has
increased by six-fold and global agricultural production has
more than kept pace. Falling real grain prices for most of
the 20th Century are cited as evidence. The sources of the
increase in food production, however, have been quite
different and have come in distinct waves. For most of the
19th century, increased output came from expanded land area
in production. Science-based agriculture is really a
post-Mendel phenomenon. In the 20th century, new technology
came in different forms. First, mechanical technology,
particularly the tractor, made possible cultivating more
acres and freed enormous areas used for producing fuel for
draft animals, for food production. Improvements in breeding
and agronomy in the middle part of the century opened the
possibility of substantially increasing yields per unit of
land through the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
As we look to the 21st century, this conference is asking a
critical question about the role of knowledge, science and
technology in meeting future global food needs.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO FOOD, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL NEGOTIATIONS, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES, AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, AGRONOMY, ANATOMY, ANIMALS, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, ARABLE LAND, BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, BREEDING, CANCER, CEREALS, CGIAR, CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, CHEMISTRY, COASTAL ZONES, COMMODITIES, CONSERVATION TILLAGE, CROP, CROPPING, DECENTRALIZATION, DEFORESTATION, DEMAND FOR FOOD, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, EXTENSION AGENTS, EXTERNALITIES, FAMINE, FAO, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FEED, FISH, FISHERIES, FOOD AVAILABILITY, FOOD CROPS, FOOD DEMAND, FOOD NEEDS, FOOD POLICY, FOOD POLICY RESEARCH, FOOD PRICES, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD PROJECTIONS, FOOD RESOURCES, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SUPPLIES, FOOD SUPPLY, FRUITS, GATT, GENETIC IMPROVEMENT, GENETICS, GLOBAL WARMING, GRAIN, GRAIN PRODUCTION, GRAINS, GREEN REVOLUTION, IFPRI, INCOMES, INPUT USE, INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT, INTEGRATION, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, IRRI, IRRIGATION, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND USE, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, MAIZE, MARKETING, MEAT, MINISTRIES OF AGRICULTURE, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, MONOCULTURE, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, NGOS, NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT, PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES, PEST MANAGEMENT, PESTICIDES, PHYSICS, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE, PROPRIETARY SCIENCE, PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RANGE LANDS, RESEARCH AGENDA, RICE, RISK MANAGEMENT, RIVER BASINS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGY, SOILS, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TREES, URBANIZATION, VEGETABLES, WATER POLLUTION, WHEAT, WORLD FOOD SUMMIT, WORLD GRAIN PRODUCTION