Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil
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Washington, DC
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Urban sources of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Brazilian cities are growing. At the national
level, the dominance of greenhouse gas emissions from
deforestation in Brazil masks the fact that emissions from
other sectors, like Energy, Transport and Waste, are growing
quite rapidly in cities. Compared to other cities around the
world, Brazilian cities have low per capita GHG emissions
because of the high level of renewable energy production;
but as Brazilian cities continue to grow, the pressure
towards higher emissions will persist. The majority of
emissions from Energy in Brazil result from the use of
fossil fuels and electric power by industry. Industrial
processes using fossil fuels will continue to be the largest
contributor to emissions growth over the long-term, but
electricity generation will produce the highest emissions
increase in the period up to 2030. For the past three
decades, the trend has been for industries to move away from
city centers to peripheral locations that are cheaper and
have easier access to distribution networks. However, all
the GHG emissions inventories completed to date by Brazilian
cities are limited to municipal boundaries, making it
difficult to assess the role of industrial emissions at the
metropolitan level. One clear trend within city boundaries
is that residential consumption of electricity is
increasing. As households become wealthier, the size of
housing units tend to get larger and the number of domestic
appliances increase and residential consumption of
electricity is expected to grow drastically in the next two
decades.Transport emissions are rapidly growing, especially
in urban areas. Fossil fuel based emissions in Brazil are
low compared to other countries due to the prominence of
renewable-energy sources for electricity and fuels. In fact,
ethanol substitutes for two-fifths of gasoline fuel.
However, transport-sector emissions are rapidly growing due
to increased motorization and congestion. This is coupled
with a tendency for smaller agglomerations to grow in a
sprawling manner, which is directly impacting the growth of
GHG emissions, since the amount of vehicle travel is linked
to urban form, i.e. the location of housing, jobs, commerce
and entertainment.A distinguishing characteristic
of Brazilian cities is the high percentage of emissions from
waste. The waste sector constitutes about 4 percent of GHG
emissions on average in cities.1 A key driver of waste
emissions is the amount of waste produced and collected. In
Brazil the amount of waste collected has increased by about
4 percent per year since 1970. The amount of solid waste
collected in urban areas is expected to continue increasing
in the next two decades due to increased generation of waste
and improvements in the collection system. This will likely
result in an even higher share of GHG emissions for the
overall sector.Climate change impacts are
widespread. Climate impacts from global warming in major
Brazilian cities have been identified and include flooding
from intense storms, increased temperatures, and droughts.
Sea level rise is also identified as a concern for Brazil
because 25 percent of Brazil s population lives in coastal
cities. Brazilian cities are taking action against climate
change. In response to concerns about global climate change,
Brazilian cities have been world leaders in defining GHG
emissions reduction targets and adopted local climate change
laws. Some cities have completed GHG inventories,
established reduction targets, and taken measures to
mitigate emissions.
Palabras clave
ABSORPTION, ACCESSIBILITY, AIR, AIR CONDITIONING, AIR POLLUTION, AIR TEMPERATURE, AIR TRANSPORT, ALTITUDE, AMAZON RAINFOREST, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, ARTERIES, ASH, ATLANTIC RAINFOREST, ATMOSPHERE, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOBILE USE, BASES, BICYCLE LANES, BICYCLE PATHS, BIOGAS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS ENERGY, BUS, BUS SYSTEM, BUSES, BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO, CALCULATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CAR, CAR DEPENDENCY, CAR USAGE, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON MARKET, CARBON SINKS, CARS, CELLULOSE, CHEMICALS, CLEAN ENERGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CO, CO2, COMMUTERS, COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS, CONGESTION, CONSERVATION AREAS, CULVERTS, CYCLISTS, DAILY TRAVEL, DECREASE IN EMISSIONS, DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT, DIESEL, DRAINAGE, DRIVERS, DRIVING, DROUGHT, DUST, ELDERLY PEOPLE, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSION, EMISSION DATA, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD, EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT, EMISSIONS GROWTH, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS MITIGATION, EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS SCENARIO, ENERGY CONSULTANT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ETHANOL, EVAPORATION, EXCHANGE RATE, FARE COLLECTION, FARES, FATS, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FLEETS, FLOODS, FOREST SERVICE, FORESTRY, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL SWITCHING, FUEL TYPE, GAS FLARING, GASOLINE, GENERATION CAPACITY, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, HEAT PRODUCTION, HEATING SYSTEMS, HISTORICAL EMISSIONS, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPACTS ON EMISSIONS, INCANDESCENT BULBS, INCOME, INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS, INTENSE STORMS, IPCC, IRON, JOBS, LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LANDFILL, LANDFILL GAS, LANDFILLS, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LIQUID WASTE, LOCAL AIR QUALITY, LOW-CARBON, MERCURY, METALS, METHANE, METHANE GAS, METRO USE, MOBILITY, MODAL SHARES, MODAL SHIFT, MODAL SPLIT, MODE OF TRANSPORT, MOISTURE CONTENT, NATIONAL EMISSIONS, NATURAL GAS, NEIGHBORHOODS, NOISE, NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT, OILS, OPEN DUMPS, ORGANIC WASTE, OXYGEN, PARTICULATE, PASSENGERS, PEAK DEMAND, PEDESTRIAN, PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS, PEDESTRIAN PATHS, PEDESTRIANS, PETROLEUM GAS, POLLUTION, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, PORT FACILITIES, POWER PLANTS, PRECIPITATION, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PUBLIC PARKING, PUBLIC TRANSIT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RAIL, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINWATER, RAPID TRANSIT, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RETROFITTING, RISK MANAGEMENT, ROAD, ROAD PRICING, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROADS, ROUTES, SAFETY, SANITARY LANDFILLS, SANITATION, SMOKE, SODIUM, SPRAWL, SPRAWL INDEX, STORMS, STREETS, SUBURBS, SUBWAY, SUBWAY SYSTEM, SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, TAX, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CALMING, TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, TRANSIT CORRIDORS, TRANSIT SERVICES, TRANSIT SYSTEM, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT ACTIVITY, TRANSPORT DEMAND, TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY, TRANSPORT EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT PLAN, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION CHOICES, TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRAVEL DISTANCES, TRAVEL TIME, TRIPS, TRUCKS, URBAN FORESTRY, URBAN PLANNERS, URBAN TRANSPORT, URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, URBANISM, VEGETATIVE COVER, VEHICLE, VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, VEHICLE TRAVEL, VEHICLES, VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, WALKING, WALKING DISTANCE, WATER TREATMENT, WEALTH, WEATHER PATTERNS, WHEELCHAIR LIFTS