Bangladesh - Towards Accelerated, Inclusive and Sustainable Growth : Opportunities and Challenges, Volume 1. Overview
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In Bangladesh, growth needs to
accelerate to absorb the burgeoning labor force and continue
making dents in poverty. Such acceleration will require
sustained growth in exports and remittances. It will also
need an increase in investment both public and private.
However, growth acceleration alone will not be enough to
absorb the labor force. This will need an improvement in
employment intensity of growth, and a further improvement in
inclusiveness of service delivery. Moreover, to help ensure
that growth acceleration is sustained, the ex-ante and
ex-post effects of climate change will need to be addressed.
Finally, urbanization offers opportunities to accelerate
growth, but can also undermine it if not proactively
managed. Bangladesh's Gross National Income (GNI) per
capita more than tripled in the past two-and-a-half decades,
from an average of US$251 in the 1980s to US$784 by 2011.
This growth was accompanied by impressive progress in human
development. Yet, after 40 years of independence, Bangladesh
remains a low-income country with nearly 50 million people
still impoverished and its economic growth potential
under-exploited. It is therefore important to understand the
drivers underpinning Bangladesh's growth process, what
enabled the drivers to move Bangladesh forward, what its
prospects are for graduating to middle-income country status
by 2021, as envisaged in its sixth five-year plan, and what
it would take to accelerate growth sufficiently to achieve
this objective.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ADVERSE EFFECTS, ADVERSE IMPACT, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGRICULTURE, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BANK FINANCING, BINDING CONSTRAINT, BONDED WAREHOUSE, BUDGET DEFICIT, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CAPITAL FLIGHT, CAPITAL GOODS, CAPITAL INFLOWS, CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL OUTFLOWS, CAPITAL STOCK, CD, CLIMATE CHANGE, COAL, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS, CONNECTIVITY, CONSUMERS, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CPI, CREDIT FLOWS, CURRENCY, CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE, DEBT, DEFICITS, DEMOGRAPHIC, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEPOSIT, DEPOSITS, DEREGULATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIRECTED CREDIT, DISBURSEMENTS, DOMESTIC BANK, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, DOMESTIC MARKET, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EXPANSION, ECONOMIC FACTORS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC PROGRESS, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELASTICITY, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATE REGIME, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT PERFORMANCE, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES, EXPORT SECTOR, EXPORTER, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL BORROWING, EXTERNALITIES, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL SECTOR LIBERALIZATION, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FISCAL POLICIES, FISCAL POLICY, FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE, FOOD PRICE, FOOD PRICES, FOREIGN ASSETS, FOREIGN CAPITAL, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES, FOREIGN FINANCING, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, FUTURE RESEARCH, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, GLOBAL MARKET, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT DEFICIT, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME STREAMS, INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEFFICIENCY, INFLATION, INFLATIONARY PRESSURES, INFORMAL BORROWING, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES, INSURANCE, INTEREST RATE, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, INVESTMENT CONTRACTS, INVESTMENT RATE, INVESTMENT RATES, ITC, JOB CREATION, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR STANDARDS, LAND RESOURCES, LENDING PORTFOLIO, LETTERS OF CREDIT, LEVEL PLAYING FIELD, LIQUIDITY, LIVING STANDARDS, LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS, M2, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET DIVERSIFICATION, MARKET FAILURE, MARKET SHARE, MICRO DATA, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRY, MIGRANT LABOR, MONETARY FINANCING, MONETARY POLICY, MONEY GROWTH, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL SAVINGS, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NET EXPORTS, OIL, OIL PRICE, OUTPUT, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLICY RESPONSE, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POPULATION GROWTH, PRICE CONTROLS, PRIVATE CAPITAL, PRIVATE CREDIT, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, PRIVATE INVESTORS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC BUDGET, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SAVING, PUBLIC SAVINGS, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUSH FACTORS, QUOTAS, RAINFALL VARIABILITY, RAPID GROWTH, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, REAL GDP, REAL INCOME, RECURRENT EXPENDITURES, REFORM PROGRAM, REGISTRATION PROCESS, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESERVE, RETURNS, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SAVINGS RATE, SHOCKS TO INCOME, SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLS SHORTAGES, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, STREAMS, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, TAX, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DEFICITS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE REGIME, TRADING, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBANIZATION, VALUE ADDED, VOLATILITY, WAGES