Freedom, Entitlement, and the Path to Development
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Twenty years after the revolutions of
Central and Eastern Europe, the Arab Spring is again raising
some fundamental questions about the place of freedom and
entitlement in development. Depending on the balance between
free choices and more coerced decisions, individual
opportunities to learn, own, work, save, invest, trade,
protect, and so forth could vary greatly across countries
and over time. Reviewing the economic performance of more
than 100 countries over the past 30 years, new empirical
evidence tends to support the idea that economic freedom and
civil and political liberties are the root causes of why
certain countries achieve and sustain better economic
outcomes. In contrast, entitlement rights do not seem to
have any significant effects on long-term per capita income,
except for a possible negative effect. These results tend to
support earlier findings that, beyond core functions of
government responsibility (including the protection of
liberty itself), the expansion of the state to provide for
various entitlements (including so-called economic, social,
and cultural rights) may not make people richer in the long
run; it may even make them poorer.
Palabras clave
AVERAGE GROWTH, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, CAPITALISM, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, CIVIL RIGHTS, COERCION, CULTURAL RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY, DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC RIGHTS, ECONOMIC STAGNATION, ECONOMICS, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, FEMALE EDUCATION, FREEDOMS, GENDER EQUALITY, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, GROWTH RATE, HUMAN BEINGS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, IMPORTANT POLICY, INCOME GROWTH, INDIVIDUAL CHOICES, INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS, INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFLATION RATE, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT, LIBERTY, LONG RUN, LONG-RUN GROWTH, LONG-TERM GROWTH, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARKET ECONOMY, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EFFECT, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL FREEDOM, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL LIBERTIES, POLITICAL RIGHTS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC SPENDING, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, REDUCING INEQUALITY, RESPECT, REVOLUTIONS, RULE OF LAW, SOCIAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL SECURITY, STATE INTERVENTION, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, TOLERANCE, UNITED NATIONS, WELFARE STATE