In Search of Opportunities : How a More Mobile Workforce Can Propel Ukraine’s Prosperity (Vol. 1 of 2) : Summary Report
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Ukrainians do not move often, and when
they do move, they don't necessarily go to areas with
good jobs and high wages. Internal mobility is about half of
what is expected when comparing Ukraine with other
countries. The lack of mobility is remarkable, given the
availability of more jobs and better wages in several
Ukrainian cities. Too few people are taking advantage of
economic opportunities, and as a result, Ukraine's
structural transformation has stalled. This is a sharp
contrast to many other countries in Eastern Europe, where
the transition to a market economy has been accompanied by a
shift from widely-dispersed industries to a concentration of
capital and production in a few areas, and from low- to
higher-productivity sectors. Labor has largely mirrored the
movement of capital and production. In Ukraine, however,
labor is not flowing as smoothly to areas of high
production. This report examines the mobility of workers
inside Ukraine and their willingness to physically relocate
from one area or region to another in search of better
economic opportunities. The report explores the patterns and
trends of labor mobility in Ukraine as well as the drivers
and constraints of that mobility, and derives policy
implications from its findings. Second chapter of this
volume offers evidence of how a mobile workforce benefits
the economy. It shows how the economic transition in most of
Eastern Europe has been accompanied by the significant
concentration of capital and people in a few areas. This has
not happened to the same extent in Ukraine. Third chapter
shows that what little migration we see in Ukraine is not
necessarily going to the leading regions. For internal
migration to lead to growth and better living standards,
workers have to move to the areas of the country where
productivity and therefore, wages are high, and where
unemployment is low. Third chapter more over examines the
factors that prevent Ukrainians from moving. Fourth chapter
offers recommendations for creating greater labor mobility
in Ukraine. It explains how addressing the institutional
bottlenecks that affect internal mobility will allow more
people, especially the poor, to access better jobs,
accelerating growth and enabling living standards to rise.
Palabras clave
ACTUAL COST, ACTUAL COSTS, AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY, APARTMENTS, AVERAGE WAGES, BIRTH RATES, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CITIES, CITIZENS, COST OF HOUSING, CRAFTSMEN, DEBT, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DRIVERS, DWELLINGS, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC COSTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, ECONOMIC SHOCK, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT RATES, EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, ENGINEERS, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY TIES, FEWER CHILDREN, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FISCAL POLICY, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, FREE TRADE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS WAGE, HEALTH CARE, HIGH EMPLOYMENT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH WAGES, HOME OWNERSHIP, HOMEOWNERS, HOMES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HOUSING COSTS, HOUSING MARKET, HOUSING MARKETS, HOUSING PRICES, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, INFORMED DECISIONS, INHERITANCE, INNOVATION, INTERNAL MIGRANTS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATIONS, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, INTERVENTIONS, JOB CREATION, JOB DESTRUCTION, JOB DESTRUCTION RATES, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB TURNOVER, JOB VACANCIES, JOBS, LABOR ALLOCATION, LABOR CONTRACTS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR FORCES, LABOR LAWS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS, LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS, LABOR MARKET NEEDS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET REGULATION, LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR OFFICE, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, LABOR REALLOCATION, LABOR REGULATIONS, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOR TURNOVER, LABORERS, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKETS, LABOUR MOBILITY, LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, LACK OF INFORMATION, LAYOFFS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT, LOW UNEMPLOYMENT, MARKET ECONOMY, MEDICAL SERVICES, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION STATISTICS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MORTALITY, MORTGAGE LENDING, MORTGAGES, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NEW ENTRANTS, NUMBER OF WORKERS, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRECEDING SECTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTION WORKERS, PRODUCTIVE AREAS, PRODUCTIVE FIRMS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL, PROTECTING WORKERS, PURCHASING POWER, PUSH FACTORS, QUALITY ASSURANCE, REALLOCATING RESOURCES, RECREATION, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, REGIONAL POPULATION, REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT, RENTAL HOUSING, RENTALS, RENTING, RENTS, RESIDENCY, RISK MANAGEMENT, RURAL AREAS, SAVINGS, SCARCE RESOURCES, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE SECTOR, SEVERANCE PAY, SICK LEAVE, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE UNIONS, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNMET DEMAND, URBAN AREAS, URBAN MIGRATION, URBANIZATION, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH