Agro-Logistics in Central America
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This chapter uses supply chain analysis
(SCA) to identify transport and logistics bottlenecks that
add costs, times and uncertainty to the exportation of
perishable agricultural products from Central America.
Macro-level analyses of logistics performance, including the
logistics performance index, Doing Business Reports and
Enterprise Surveys of the World Bank, as well as the Global
Competitiveness Index of the Global Economic Forum, often
leave policy-makers unclear on exactly what poor performance
means for exporters and producers in Central America. How
does poor road quality eat away at the profit margins of my
country's producers? Extensive procedures add time to
export processes, but how much time? How and to what extend
does this additional time hurt the competitiveness of key
industries? How does this effect vary by product type? By
tracking the movement of seven carefully selected exports,
these supply chains complement macro-level analyses by
answering these questions for some of the region's key
agricultural exports. A range of unique characteristics
makes the success of perishable exports exceedingly
dependent on the efficiency of the related logistics systems
and the ability to connect effectively and reliably to
global supply chains. Remote production zones add cost, time
and variability to transport from the farm gate to the
distribution, collection or processing center. Increasingly
complicated international sanitary and phytosanitary
standards (SPS) add institutional and procedural complexity
to the supply chain. Above all, the time sensitivity of most
perishable products increases the value of time and makes
cold chain infrastructure and the availability of
refrigerated containers essential for successful exportation.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO MARKET, ACCESS TO MARKETS, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR MARKET, AVERAGE SPEEDS, BACTERIA, BAGS, BANANAS, BEEF, BEETS, BENCHMARK, BORDER CROSSING, BORDER CROSSINGS, BORDER MANAGEMENT, BOTTLENECKS, BOTTLES, BOXES, BRIDGE, BUSINESS LOGISTICS, CADMIUM, CARGO, CARROTS, CENTRALIZATION, CHEESE, CIF, COLD CHAIN, COMMERCE, COMPETITIVENESS, CONGESTION, CONGESTION DELAYS, CONSUMER PRICES, CONSUMERS, CONTAINERS, COOKING, CORN, CREAM, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS BROKERS, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE, CUSTOMS PROCEDURES, DAIRY, DEMURRAGE, DISTRIBUTION CENTERS, DOMESTIC TRANSPORT, DRIVERS, EGGS, ELECTRONIC SYSTEM, EXPORT MARKET, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORTS, FOOD EXPORT, FOOD EXPORTS, FOOD MARKETS, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SAFETY, FOODS, FREE TRADE, FREIGHT, FREIGHT FORWARDERS, FREIGHT HANDLING, FREIGHT SERVICE, FRUIT, FRUIT PRODUCTS, FRUITS, FUEL, FUEL COSTS, FUTURE RESEARCH, HAZARD, HIGH TRANSPORT, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAYS, INEFFICIENCY, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INJURY, INLAND TRANSPORT, INSPECTION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVENTORY, INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, JOURNEY, JOURNEYS, LAND TRANSPORT, LANES, LEMONS, LOCAL TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS COSTS, LOWER TRAFFIC VOLUMES, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET PRICES, MEAT, MEATS, OPEN AIR MARKET, PACKING, PASSENGERS, PEPPERS, PERISHABLE GOODS, PERSONAL TRANSPORT, POLICE, PORK, PORT INFRASTRUCTURE, PORT OF ENTRY, PRICE LIST, PRICE VARIATION, PRODUCT QUALITY, PRODUCTION COSTS, PROFIT MARGINS, PUBLIC WORKS, RADIAL ROAD NETWORK, RAIL, REFRIGERATION, RETAIL, ROAD, ROAD DESIGN, ROAD HAULAGE, ROAD QUALITY, ROUTE, ROUTES, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL ROADS, SAFETY, SALE, SALES, SANITATION, SEAFOOD, SHIPMENTS, SHIPPERS, SHIPPING, SHIPPING COMPANIES, SHIPPING INDUSTRY, SPEEDS, SUGAR, SUPERMARKET, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAIN APPROACH, SUPPLY CHAINS, TARIFF BARRIERS, TEMPERATURE CONTROL, THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS, TOMATOES, TOTAL COSTS, TRADE BARRIERS, TRAFFIC, TRANSIT, TRANSIT CORRIDORS, TRANSIT TIMES, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT FACILITATION, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT MARKET, TRANSPORT REGULATION, TRANSPORT SERVICE, TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRANSPORTS, TRAVEL DISTANCES, TRAVEL SPEEDS, TRAVEL TIMES, TRIP, TRUCK DRIVERS, TRUCKS, VALUATION, VEGETABLES, VEHICLE, VEHICLES, WAITING TIME, WAREHOUSE, WAREHOUSES, WAREHOUSING, WHEAT, WHOLESALE PRICE, WHOLESALERS, WTO