Medical Migration : What Can We Learn from the UK's Perspective?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper seeks to determine the
macro-economic impacts of migration of skilled medical
personnel from a receiving country's perspective. The
resource allocation issues are explored in theory, by
developing an extension of the Rybczynski theorem in a
low-dimension Heckscher-Ohlin framework, and empirically, by
developing a static computable general equilibrium model for
the United Kingdom with an extended health sector component.
Using simple diagrams, an expansion of the health sector by
recruiting immigrant skilled workers in certain cases is
shown to compare favorably to the (short-term) long-term
alternative of using domestic (unskilled) workers. From a
formal analysis, changes in non-health outputs are shown to
depend on factor-bias and scale effects. The net effects
generally are indeterminate. The main finding from the
applied model is that importing foreign doctors and nurses
into the United Kingdom yields higher overall welfare gains
than a generic increase in the National Health Service
budget. Welfare gains rise in case of wage protection.
Palabras clave
AMBULANCE, BRAIN DRAIN, BUDGET INCREASE, BUDGETARY IMPACT, BURDEN OF DISEASE, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, COST OF CAPITAL, COST OF HEALTH CARE, COST OF PROVISION, COSTS OF HEALTH CARE, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, DEMAND FOR HEALTH, DEMAND FOR HEALTH CARE, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DOCTORS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC WORKERS, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMICS OF HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPORT MARKET, EXTERNALITIES, FOREIGN WORKERS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE CONSUMPTION, HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE, HEALTH CARE POLICY, HEALTH CARE PROVISION, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HEALTH EFFECTS, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, HEALTH PROVISION, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICE, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, HEALTH STATUS, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH WORKERS, HIV, HOSPITAL, HOST COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILL HEALTH, ILLNESS, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION LEVELS, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INCOME, INCOME COUNTRIES, INSURANCE, INSURERS, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLIES, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MOBILITY, LABOUR SUPPLY, LIVING CONDITIONS, MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS, MEDICAL INSURANCE, MEDICAL PERSONNEL, MEDICAL SCHOOL, MEDICAL SERVICES, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, NATIONAL HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF WORKERS, NURSE, NURSES, PANDEMIC, PHYSICIANS, POINT OF DEPARTURE, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR HEALTH, PRICES OF HEALTH CARE, PRIVATE CARE, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCT PRICES, PRODUCTIVITY GAP, PROGRESS, PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE, PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES, PROVISION OF TREATMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH CARE, PULL FACTORS, PUSH FACTORS, REAL WAGE, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, SERVICE CAPACITY, SERVICE DELIVERY, SICKNESS ABSENCE, SKILL TYPE, SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL CLASS, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL WELFARE, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, SUPPLIERS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, UNSKILLED LABOR, UNSKILLED WORKERS, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE