Oil, Macroeconomics, and Forests : Assessing the Linkages

Wunder, Sven; Sunderlin, William D.

Oil, Macroeconomics, and Forests : Assessing the Linkages

Autores

Wunder, Sven

Sunderlin, William D.

Editor

World Bank

Descripción

This article focuses mainly on the five primary case study countries. For forest impacts, the concentration is on forest conversion to other land uses and deforestation, defined as a (temporary or permanent) removal of trees to less than 10 percent crown cover, which is similar to the Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO's) definition. Selective logging is thus not deforestation but may degrade forests and enable conversion. All of the case study countries are tropical countries that export oil, a choice made for two reasons. First, the macroeconomic 'laboratory' of oil exporters offers a good opportunity to study links between external economic changes and forests. Oil economies often fluctuate dramatically due to heavy reliance on a single export commodity with unstable world market prices. Second, earlier studies provide support for the hypotheses that on average oil- and mineral-exporting tropical countries have more forests left and lose them at a slower rate than non-mineral-exporting countries. The article briefly reviews hypotheses and methodologies and outlines the deforestation data problems and how they were dealt with. It presents empirical results for the five primary case study countries and takes a closer look at three of the key causal linkages in the model. It then examines the role of different policy instruments and finally discusses policy insights that extend beyond the oil exporting countries.

Palabras clave

ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LANDS, ABSORPTION, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURE, AMAZON FOREST, ANNUAL DEFORESTATION, ARMED CONFLICT, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, BREEDING, BROADLEAF FORESTS, BURNING, CANOPY, CANOPY COVER, CASH CROPS, CATTLE, CATTLE RAISING, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH, CHANGES IN LAND USE, CLIMATE, COMPOSTING, CONCESSION POLICIES, CONSERVATION AGENCIES, CONSERVATION ATLAS, CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES, CONSERVATION POLICIES, CONSERVATION POLICY, CONSERVATION STRATEGIES, CONSTRUCTION BOOM, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CONVERGENCE, COPPER, CULTIVATED AREA, CULTIVATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEBT, DEFORESTATION, DEFORESTATION DEFORESTATION, DEFORESTATION ESTIMATES, DEFORESTATION PRESSURES, DEFORESTATION PROCESSES, DEFORESTATION RATE, DEFORESTATION RATES, DEMAND FOR LAND, DEMAND FOR TIMBER, DETERMINANTS, DIVISION OF LABOR, DRY FOREST, ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MODELS, ECONOMIC RENTS, ECONOMICS, ELASTICITIES, ELEPHANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES, ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES, ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE, EQUILIBRIUM, EROSION, FIREWOOD, FOOD CROPS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOREST, FOREST AREAS, FOREST C, FOREST CHANGE, FOREST CLEARING, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST CONVERSION, FOREST COVER, FOREST COVER CHANGE, FOREST COVERAGE, FOREST DATA, FOREST DECLINE, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST DESTRUCTION, FOREST ECOLOGY, FOREST EXTRACTION, FOREST FRAGMENTS, FOREST INVENTORIES, FOREST LOSS, FOREST PLOTS, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST REGROWTH, FOREST REHABILITATION, FOREST RESOURCE, FOREST RESOURCE ASSESSMENT, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT, FOREST STATISTICS, FOREST STOCK, FOREST ZONE, FORESTRY, FORESTRY CONCESSION, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, GAS, GLOBAL DEFORESTATION, GLOBAL FOREST, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT, GOLD, GORILLAS, HARM, HIGHLANDS, ILLEGAL LOGGING, INTENSIVE LAND USE, LABOR COSTS, LAND CLEARING, LAND CONVERSION, LAND ECONOMICS, LAND EXPANSION, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LAND USES, LAND-COVER, LAND-USE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LAND-USE DATA, LAND-USE PATTERNS, LANDSCAPE, LIVESTOCK, LOCAL LANDOWNERS, LOGGING, LOGGING COMPANIES, LOGGING CONCESSIONS, LOSS OF FORESTS, MANGROVES, MARKET PRICES, MINERAL EXPLORATION, MINERAL PRODUCTION, NATIONAL FOREST AREA, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITROGEN, OIL, OIL INDUSTRY, OIL PRODUCTION, OVERGRAZING, PASTURE, PASTURES, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTION, POPULATION GROWTH, PP, PRODUCERS, PROTEINS, PURCHASING POWER, RAIN, RAIN FOREST, RAINFOREST, REGIONAL FOREST, REMOTE SENSING DATA, RICE PRODUCTION, ROAD BUILDING, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROADS, SAFETY NET, SATELLITE IMAGERY, SPECIES, STOCK VARIATIONS, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUPPLIERS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SWEET POTATOES, TIMBER, TIMBER DEMAND, TIMBER EXTRACTION, TIMBER PRODUCTION, TRADEOFFS, TREE, TREES, TROPICAL COUNTRIES, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, TROPICAL FOREST, TROPICAL FOREST AREA, TROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATION, TROPICAL FOREST COVER, TROPICAL FORESTS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN MARKETS, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN SPRAWL, VEGETATION, VEGETATION COVER, VILLAGES, WAGES, WOOD, WOOD PRODUCTS