The Economic Returns to Investing in Youth in Developing Countries : A Review of the Literature
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This is a companion report to Assessing
the Economic Returns to Investing in Youth in Developing
Countries, with focus on the literature reviewed and greater
detail in some parts than in the 2003 study. Both papers
explore the economic case for investments in youth in
developing countries. The current cohort of youth is the
largest cohort ever. The economic, social, and demographic
context of their lives has undergone enormous change, thus
requiring a rethinking and re-evaluation of the range of
investments in youth. This reappraisal must incorporate a
number of critical features including recognition of the
wide range of youth investments, the considerable lag in
effects, and the likelihood that youth investments in one
area affect investments and behavior in other areas. The
paper examines forty-one investments in the following broad
categories: formal schooling; civilian and military
training, work; reproductive health; school-based health;
other health; and community and other. The paper develops a
lifecycle approach using cost-benefit analysis to calculate
the economic returns to investments in youth. However, the
information necessary to apply the methodology is sufficient
for only a few investments in a few countries. Moreover,
even for these cases, the estimated economic returns vary
widely depending on the assumptions used. Despite these
limitations, the available evidence suggests that some types
of investments in youth, e.g., investments in formal
schooling, adult basic education and literacy, some types of
school-based health investments (e.g., micronutrient
supplements and, under certain circumstances, reproductive
health programs), and measures designed to reduce the
consumption of tobacco (e.g., increases in the tobacco tax),
yield economic returns that are at least as high as are
those for many investments in other sectors. The lack of
reliable information on the effects of many investments in
youth is the most important information gap and the area
meriting the highest priority for future research.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACCIDENTS, ADOLESCENT HEALTH, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT LITERACY, ADULT WORK, ADVERTISING, ALCOHOL, ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC EDUCATION PROGRAMS, BEHAVIORAL CHANGES, BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CHILD HEALTH, CHOLESTEROL, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, COST EFFECTIVENESS, CRIME, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DIETS, DISABILITY, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT, EXPLOITATION, FAMILIES, FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING, GROWTH, HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMS, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH INVESTMENTS, HEALTH POLICIES, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH PROGRAMS, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH SERVICES, HIV INFECTION, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INFANTS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFERTILITY, INTERVENTION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAWS, LEARNING, LITERACY, LITERACY TRAINING, MALARIA, MALNUTRITION, MARGINAL BENEFITS, MARGINAL COSTS, MASS MEDIA, MENTAL HEALTH, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, MORTALITY, NONFORMAL EDUCATION, NUTRITION, NUTRITION OUTCOMES, NUTRITION PROGRAMS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ORPHANS, OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, POPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION STUDIES, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PREGNANCY, PRIVATE COSTS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC HEALTH, REHABILITATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, SANITATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOL HEALTH, SCHOOL HEALTH POLICIES, SCHOOLS, SEXUAL ABUSE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL COSTS, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL MARKETING, STIS, TAX REVENUE, TOBACCO, TOBACCO CONTROL, TOBACCO USE, TRADEOFFS, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TUBERCULOSIS, VIOLENCE, WELLBEING, WORKPLACE, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUTH, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT