Estrous cycle control in sheep and goats.
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Abstract: Estrous cycle control is a foundational tool in the reproductive management of sheep and goats, facilitating the strategic use of assisted reproductive technologies such as fixed-time artificial insemination, superovulation, and embryo transfer. Its success depends on a comprehensive understanding of follicular dynamics, reproductive seasonality, and hormonal responsiveness. This review discusses the physiological basis and practical application of estrus synchronization and induction protocols, highlighting the role of intravaginal progesterone devices, prostaglandins, and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Key protocol variables, including hormone type, dosage (e.g., 330 mg progesterone in CIDR, 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in sponges, 37.5 µg cloprostenol, and 200- 300 IU eCG), and timing of administration, are presented. The use of low-cost alternatives such as progesterone-soaked tampons and reusable devices is also reviewed. The analysis emphasizes that optimal outcomes require careful female selection, minimal hormonal intervention, and timing precision. Estrous control protocols, when properly designed and implemented, enhance reproductive efficiency while aligning with sustainability and animal welfare standards.
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Sheep, Goats, Reproduction, Assisted reproductive technologies, Estrous cycle, Estrus synchronization