Sustainable wheat rust resistance – Learning from history
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The wheat rusts have a long history of causing considerable loss in productivity and quality of wheat crops. Much work has been undertaken to address this problem and many successes have been achieved. Sustainable rust resistance has been achieved in a number of situations and has provided valuable guidance for future initiatives where this level of protection has not been achieved. The achievements include understanding the impact of the sexual stage in the rust life cycle in facilitating resis tance breakdown and providing inoculum in close proximity to the developing wheat crop, resulting in more frequent and intense epiphytotics. Management options to minimize breakdown events have also been identified. The most significant discovery is that the rusts appear to lack the ability to overcome some sources of resistance, at least in the short term. These are termed durable resistances and their effective deployment in varieties where wheat rusts can be damaging to productivity would app ear to be a very effective strategy to achieve sustainable global rust resistance.